J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. Dikshit, S. Eser, C. Mathers et al., Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012, Int J Cancer, vol.136, pp.359-386, 2015.

. Monnereau, Estimation nationale de l'incidence des cancers en France entre, 1980.

E. Azoulay, D. Mokart, F. Pène, J. Lambert, A. Kouatchet et al., Outcomes of critically ill patients with hematologic malignancies: prospective multicenter data from France and Belgium--a groupe de recherche respiratoire en réanimation onco-hématologique study, J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol, vol.31, pp.2810-2818, 2013.

D. D. Benoit, K. H. Vandewoude, J. M. Decruyenaere, E. A. Hoste, and F. A. Colardyn, Outcome and early prognostic indicators in patients with a hematologic malignancy admitted to the intensive care unit for a lifethreatening complication, Crit Care Med, vol.31, pp.104-116, 2003.

D. Mokart, J. Lambert, D. Schnell, L. Fouché, A. Rabbat et al., Delayed intensive care unit admission is associated with increased mortality in patients with cancer with acute respiratory failure, Leuk Lymphoma, vol.54, pp.1724-1733, 2013.

T. A. Gooley, J. W. Chien, S. A. Pergam, S. Hingorani, M. L. Sorror et al., Reduced mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplantation, N Engl J Med, vol.363, pp.2091-101, 2010.

D. Mokart, A. Etienne, B. Esterni, J. Brun, L. Chow-chine et al., Critically ill cancer patients in the intensive care unit: short-term outcome and 1-year mortality, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol.56, pp.178-89, 2012.

F. Pène, S. Percheron, V. Lemiale, V. Viallon, Y. Claessens et al., Temporal changes in management and outcome of septic shock in patients with malignancies in the intensive care unit, Crit Care Med, vol.36, pp.690-696, 2008.

V. Peigne, K. Rusinová, L. Karlin, M. Darmon, J. Fermand et al., Continued survival gains in recent years among critically ill myeloma patients, Intensive Care Med, vol.35, pp.512-520, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00397777

P. Schellongowski, T. Staudinger, M. Kundi, K. Laczika, G. J. Locker et al., Prognostic factors for intensive care unit admission, intensive care outcome, and post-intensive care survival in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a single center experience, Haematologica, vol.96, pp.231-238, 2011.

A. B. Halpern, E. Culakova, R. B. Walter, and G. H. Lyman, Association of Risk Factors, Mortality, and Care Costs of Adults With Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Admission to the Intensive Care Unit, JAMA Oncol, vol.3, pp.374-81, 2017.

T. Keenan, T. W. Leblanc, L. Traeger, H. Vandusen, G. A. Abel et al., Outcomes for Older Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, Blood, vol.126, pp.2104-2104, 2015.

T. Melchardt, L. Weiss, R. Greil, and A. Egle, Viral infections and their management in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Leuk Lymphoma, vol.54, pp.1602-1615, 2013.

S. Vento, F. Cainelli, and Z. Temesgen, Lung infections after cancer chemotherapy, Lancet Oncol, vol.9, pp.982-92, 2008.

E. Azoulay, G. Thiéry, S. Chevret, D. Moreau, M. Darmon et al., The prognosis of acute respiratory failure in critically ill cancer patients, Medicine (Baltimore), vol.83, pp.360-70, 2004.

A. Contejean, V. Lemiale, M. Resche-rigon, D. Mokart, F. Pène et al., Increased mortality in hematological malignancy patients with acute respiratory failure from undetermined etiology: a Groupe de Recherche en Réanimation Respiratoire en Onco-Hématologique (Grrr-OH) study, Ann Intensive Care, vol.6, p.102, 2016.

E. J. Van-beers, M. Müller, A. Vlaar, L. Spanjaard, W. M. Van-den-bergh et al., Haematological malignancy in the intensive care unit: microbiology results and mortality, Eur J Haematol, vol.97, pp.271-278, 2016.

E. Azoulay, P. Pickkers, M. Soares, A. Perner, J. Rello et al., Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients: the Efraim multinational prospective cohort study, Intensive Care Med, vol.43, pp.1808-1827, 2017.

P. Loubet, G. Voiriot, N. Houhou-fidouh, M. Neuville, L. Bouadma et al., Impact of respiratory viruses in hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: A single-center retrospective study, J Clin Virol Off Publ Pan Am Soc Clin Virol, vol.91, pp.52-59, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01526283

A. H. Walton, J. T. Muenzer, D. Rasche, J. S. Boomer, B. Sato et al., Reactivation of multiple viruses in patients with sepsis, PloS One, vol.9, p.98819, 2014.

F. S. Nolte, D. J. Marshall, C. Rasberry, S. Schievelbein, G. G. Banks et al., MultiCode-PLx system for multiplexed detection of seventeen respiratory viruses, J Clin Microbiol, vol.45, pp.2779-86, 2007.

H. Kim, S. Oh, K. A. Yun, H. Sung, and M. Kim, Comparison of Anyplex II RV16 with the xTAG respiratory viral panel and Seeplex RV15 for detection of respiratory viruses, J Clin Microbiol, vol.51, pp.1137-1178, 2013.

N. J. Gadsby, C. D. Russell, M. P. Mchugh, H. Mark, C. Morris et al., Comprehensive Molecular Testing for Respiratory Pathogens in Community-Acquired Pneumonia, Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am, vol.62, pp.817-840, 2016.

R. B. Couch, J. A. Englund, and E. Whimbey, Respiratory viral infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons, Am J Med, vol.102, pp.25-26, 1997.

O. Chatzis, S. Darbre, J. Pasquier, P. Meylan, O. Manuel et al., Burden of severe RSV disease among immunocompromised children and adults: a 10 year retrospective study, BMC Infect Dis, vol.18, p.111, 2018.

R. Martino, E. Rámila, N. Rabella, J. M. Muñoz, M. Peyret et al., Respiratory virus infections in adults with hematologic malignancies: a prospective study, Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am, vol.36, pp.1-8, 2003.

J. H. Beigel and . Influenza, Crit Care Med, vol.36, pp.2660-2666, 2008.

A. P. Limaye, K. A. Kirby, G. D. Rubenfeld, W. M. Leisenring, E. M. Bulger et al., Cytomegalovirus reactivation in critically ill immunocompetent patients, JAMA, vol.300, pp.413-435, 2008.

N. Libert, C. Bigaillon, C. Chargari, M. Bensalah, V. Muller et al., Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in critically ill immunocompetent patients, Biomed J, vol.38, pp.70-76, 2015.

D. Ong, M. Bonten, C. Spitoni, V. Lunel, F. M. Frencken et al., Epidemiology of Multiple Herpes Viremia in Previously Immunocompetent Patients With Septic Shock, Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am, vol.64, pp.1204-1214, 2017.

P. Lopez-roa, M. J. Perez-granda, P. Munoz, P. Catalan, R. Alonso et al., A Prospective Monitoring Study of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Non-Immunosuppressed Critical Heart Surgery Patients, PloS One, vol.10, p.129447, 2015.

D. Ong, C. Spitoni, K. Klouwenberg, P. , V. Lunel et al., Cytomegalovirus reactivation and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, Intensive Care Med, vol.42, pp.333-374, 2016.

P. Lopez-roa, J. A. Hill, K. A. Kirby, W. M. Leisenring, M. Huang et al., Coreactivation of Human Herpesvirus 6 and Cytomegalovirus Is Associated With Worse Clinical Outcome in Critically Ill Adults, Crit Care Med, vol.43, pp.1415-1437, 2015.

R. R. Razonable, C. Fanning, R. A. Brown, M. J. Espy, A. Rivero et al., Selective reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 variant a occurs in critically ill immunocompetent hosts, J Infect Dis, vol.185, pp.110-113, 2002.

A. Mirouse, P. Vignon, P. Piron, R. Robert, L. Papazian et al., Severe varicella-zoster virus pneumonia: a multicenter cohort study, Crit Care Lond Engl, vol.21, p.137, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01573746

C. Luyt, A. Combes, C. Deback, M. Aubriot-lorton, A. Nieszkowska et al., Herpes simplex virus lung infection in patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.175, pp.935-977, 2007.

C. H. Cook, L. C. Martin, J. K. Yenchar, M. C. Lahm, B. Mcguinness et al., Occult herpes family viral infections are endemic in critically ill surgical patients, Crit Care Med, vol.31, pp.1923-1932, 2003.

A. Heininger, G. Jahn, C. Engel, T. Notheisen, K. Unertl et al., Human cytomegalovirus infections in nonimmunosuppressed critically ill patients, Crit Care Med, vol.29, pp.541-548, 2001.

M. Ogata, T. Satou, R. Kawano, T. Yoshikawa, J. Ikewaki et al., High incidence of cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus-6, and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy for adult T cell leukemia, J Med Virol, vol.83, pp.702-711, 2011.

D. M. Zerr, M. Boeckh, C. Delaney, P. J. Martin, H. Xie et al., HHV-6 reactivation and associated sequelae after hematopoietic cell transplantation, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.18, pp.1700-1708, 2012.

P. De-pagter, R. Schuurman, H. Visscher, M. De-vos, M. Bierings et al., Human herpes virus 6 plasma DNA positivity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children: an important risk factor for clinical outcome, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.14, pp.831-840, 2008.

D. M. Zerr, L. Corey, H. W. Kim, M. Huang, L. Nguy et al., Clinical outcomes of human herpesvirus 6 reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am, vol.40, pp.932-972, 2005.

J. Aoki, A. Numata, E. Yamamoto, E. Fujii, M. Tanaka et al., Impact of Human Herpesvirus-6 Reactivation on Outcomes of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.21, pp.2017-2039, 2015.

M. L. Green, Viral Pneumonia in Patients with Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Hematologic Malignancies, Clin Chest Med, vol.38, pp.295-305, 2017.

D. F. Florescu and A. C. Kalil, Cytomegalovirus infections in non-immunocompromised and immunocompromised patients in the intensive care unit, Infect Disord Drug Targets, vol.11, pp.354-64, 2011.

E. Mariotte, D. Schnell, C. Scieux, F. Agbalika, J. Legoff et al., Significance of herpesvirus 6 in BAL fluid of hematology patients with acute respiratory failure, Infection, vol.39, pp.225-255, 2011.

A. Busca, Viral infections in patients with hematological malignancies, Leuk Suppl, vol.1, pp.24-29, 2012.

C. Saillard, E. Elkaim, J. Rey, E. Incan, A. Charbonnier et al., Early preemptive ICU admission for newly diagnosed high-risk acute myeloid leukemia patients, Leuk Res, vol.68, pp.29-31, 2018.

J. Quenot, C. Binquet, F. Kara, O. Martinet, F. Ganster et al., The epidemiology of septic shock in French intensive care units: the prospective multicenter cohort EPISS study, Crit Care Lond Engl, vol.17, p.65, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00873494

D. Mokart, Insuffisance respiratoire aiguë et syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë chez les patients d'onco-hématologie -Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in oncohematology immunocompromised patients, p.6, 2007.

R. Greco, L. Crucitti, M. Noviello, S. Racca, D. Mannina et al., Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection Following Haploidentical Transplantation: Immune Recovery and Outcome, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.22, pp.2250-2255, 2016.

D. J. Lachant, D. P. Croft, M. Minton, H. Prasad, P. Kottmann et al., Nasopharyngeal viral PCR in immunosuppressed patients and its association with virus detection in bronchoalveolar lavage by PCR, Respirol Carlton Vic, vol.22, pp.1205-1216, 2017.

M. Yoshimi, Y. Satou, and M. Mori, A case of herpes simplex virus pneumonia detected by sputum cytodiagnosis, Clin Case Rep, vol.6, pp.165-174, 2018.

T. Brüning, A. Daiminger, and G. Enders, Diagnostic value of CD45RO expression on circulating T lymphocytes of fetuses and newborn infants with pre-, peri-or early post-natal infections, Clin Exp Immunol, vol.107, pp.306-317, 1997.

J. Rogers, S. Rohal, D. R. Carrigan, S. Kusne, K. K. Knox et al., Human herpesvirus-6 in liver transplant recipients: role in pathogenesis of fungal infections, neurologic complications, and outcome, Transplantation, vol.69, pp.2566-73, 2000.

D. Luca, D. Katsafanas, G. Schirmer, E. C. Balachandran, N. Frenkel et al., The replication of viral and cellular DNA in human herpesvirus 6-infected cells, Virology, vol.175, pp.199-210, 1990.

S. M. Lemon, L. M. Hutt, Y. T. Huang, J. Blum, and J. S. Pagano, Simultaneous infection with multiple herpesviruses, Am J Med, vol.66, pp.270-276, 1979.

J. A. Hill, B. T. Mayer, H. Xie, W. M. Leisenring, M. Huang et al., The cumulative burden of double-stranded DNA virus detection after allogeneic HCT is associated with increased mortality, Blood, vol.129, pp.2316-2341, 2017.

M. Ogata, H. Kikuchi, T. Satou, R. Kawano, J. Ikewaki et al., Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in plasma after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: incidence and clinical significance, J Infect Dis, vol.193, pp.68-79, 2006.

M. L. Green, W. Leisenring, D. Stachel, S. A. Pergam, B. M. Sandmaier et al., Efficacy of a viral loadbased, risk-adapted, preemptive treatment strategy for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.18, pp.1687-99, 2012.

P. Ljungman, L. Perez-bercoff, J. Jonsson, G. Avetisyan, E. Sparrelid et al., Risk factors for the development of cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, Haematologica, vol.91, pp.78-83, 2006.

M. Ogata, T. Satou, R. Kawano, K. Goto, J. Ikewaki et al., Plasma HHV-6 viral load-guided preemptive therapy against HHV-6 encephalopathy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a prospective evaluation, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.41, pp.279-85, 2008.

M. Ogata, T. Fukuda, and T. Teshima, Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: what we do and do not know, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.50, pp.1030-1036, 2015.

B. C. Betts, J. Young, C. Ustun, Q. Cao, and D. J. Weisdorf, Human herpesvirus 6 infection after hematopoietic cell transplantation: is routine surveillance necessary?, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.17, pp.1562-1570, 2011.

H. Agut, Acute human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infections: when and how to treat?

, Pathol Biol (Paris), vol.59, pp.108-120, 2011.

R. S. Sellar and K. S. Peggs, Therapeutic strategies for cytomegalovirus infection in haematopoietic transplant recipients: a focused update, Expert Opin Biol Ther, vol.14, pp.1121-1127, 2014.

J. Textoris and F. Mallet, Immunosuppression and herpes viral reactivation in intensive care unit patients: one size does not fit all, Crit Care Lond Engl, vol.21, p.230, 2017.

R. S. Hotchkiss, G. Monneret, and D. Payen, Immunosuppression in sepsis: a novel understanding of the disorder and a new therapeutic approach, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.13, issue.13, p.70001, 2013.

C. Saillard, D. Blaise, and D. Mokart, Critically ill allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients in the intensive care unit: reappraisal of actual prognosis, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.51, pp.1050-61, 2016.

C. Orvain, F. Beloncle, J. Hamel, S. Thépot, M. Mercier et al., Different Impact of the Number of Organ Failures and Graft-Versus-Host Disease on the Outcome of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients Requiring Intensive Care, Transplantation, vol.101, pp.437-481, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01446471

G. Burghi, V. Lemiale, A. Seguin, J. Lambert, C. Lacroix et al., Outcomes of mechanically ventilated hematology patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, Intensive Care Med, vol.37, pp.1605-1617, 2011.

A. Kumar, P. Ellis, Y. Arabi, D. Roberts, B. Light et al., Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock, Chest, vol.136, pp.1237-1285, 2009.

M. Tavares, V. Lemiale, D. Mokart, F. Pène, E. Lengliné et al., Determinants of 1-year survival in critically ill acute leukemia patients: a GRRR-OH study, Leuk Lymphoma, vol.2017, pp.1-9