E. Alexandrou, G. Ray-barruel, P. J. Carr, S. Frost, S. Inwood et al., International prevalence of the use of peripheral intravenous catheters, J Hosp Med, vol.10, issue.8, pp.530-533, 2015.

M. Bensghir, K. Chkoura, K. Mounir, M. Drissi, A. Elwali et al.,

, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, vol.31, issue.7-8, pp.600-604, 2012.

F. Van-loon, L. Puijn, S. Houterman, and A. Bouwman, Development of the A-DIVA Scale: A Clinical Predictive Scale to Identify Difficult Intravenous Access in Adult Patients Based on Clinical Observations. Medicine (Baltimore), vol.95, p.3428, 2016.

G. Walsh, Difficult Peripheral Venous Access: Recognizing and Managing the Patient at Risk, Journal of the Association for Vascular Access. janv, vol.13, issue.4, pp.198-203, 2008.

J. M. Fields, N. E. Piela, and B. S. Ku, Association between multiple IV attempts and perceived pain levels in the emergency department, J Vasc Access, vol.15, issue.6, pp.514-522, 2014.

T. G. Costantino, A. K. Parikh, W. A. Satz, and J. P. Fojtik, Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access versus traditional approaches in patients with difficult intravenous access, Ann Emerg Med, vol.46, issue.5, pp.456-61, 2005.

G. Egan, D. Healy, H. O'neill, M. Clarke-moloney, P. A. Grace et al., Ultrasound guidance for difficult peripheral venous access: systematic review and meta-analysis, Emerg Med J, vol.30, issue.7, pp.521-527, 2013.

L. A. Stolz, U. Stolz, C. Howe, I. J. Farrell, and S. Adhikari, Ultrasound-guided peripheral venous access: a meta-analysis and systematic review, J Vasc Access, vol.16, issue.4, pp.321-327, 2015.

F. Van-loon, M. P. Buise, J. Claassen, A. Dierick-van-daele, and A. Bouwman, Comparison of ultrasound guidance with palpation and direct visualisation for peripheral vein cannulation in adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Br J Anaesth, vol.121, issue.2, pp.358-66, 2018.

V. Sou, C. Mcmanus, N. Mifflin, S. A. Frost, J. Ale et al., A clinical pathway for the management of difficult venous access, BMC Nurs, vol.16, p.64, 2017.

M. Bauman, D. Braude, and C. Crandall, Ultrasound-guidance vs. standard technique in difficult vascular access patients by ED technicians, Am J Emerg Med, vol.27, issue.2, pp.135-175, 2009.

M. J. Kim, J. M. Park, N. Rhee, S. M. Je, S. H. Hong et al., Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial, Eur J Pediatr, vol.171, issue.7, pp.1121-1126, 2012.

G. S. Collins, J. B. Reitsma, D. G. Altman, and K. Moons, Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement, Ann Intern Med, vol.162, issue.1, pp.55-63, 2015.

L. G. Glance, S. J. Lustik, E. L. Hannan, T. M. Osler, D. B. Mukamel et al., The Surgical Mortality Probability Model: derivation and validation of a simple risk prediction rule for noncardiac surgery, Ann Surg, vol.255, issue.4, pp.696-702, 2012.

T. B. Fitzpatrick, The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI, Arch Dermatol, vol.124, issue.6, pp.869-71, 1988.

, Prévention des infections liées aux cathéters veineux périphériques, HAS, vol.17, 2005.

G. Civetta, S. Cortesi, M. Mancardi, D. Pirro, A. Vischio et al., EA-DIVA score (Enhanced Adult DIVA score): A new scale to predict difficult preoperative venous cannulation in adult surgical patients, J Vasc Access, 2018.

J. M. Fields, N. E. Piela, A. K. Au, and B. S. Ku, Risk factors associated with difficult venous access in adult ED patients, Am J Emerg Med, vol.32, issue.10, pp.1179-82, 2014.

M. Piredda, V. Biagioli, B. Barrella, I. Carpisassi, R. Ghinelli et al., Factors affecting difficult peripheral intravenous cannulation in adults: a prospective observational study, J Clin Nurs, vol.26, issue.7-8, pp.1074-84, 2017.

F. Lapostolle, J. Catineau, B. Garrigue, V. Monmarteau, T. Houssaye et al., Prospective evaluation of peripheral venous access difficulty in emergency care, Intensive Care Med, vol.33, issue.8, pp.1452-1459, 2007.

M. Sebbane, P. Claret, S. Lefebvre, G. Mercier, J. Rubenovitch et al., Predicting peripheral venous access difficulty in the emergency department using body mass index and a clinical evaluation of venous accessibility, J Emerg Med, vol.44, issue.2, pp.299-305, 2013.

P. Juvin, A. Blarel, F. Bruno, and J. Desmonts, Is peripheral line placement more difficult in obese than in lean patients?, Anesth Analg, vol.96, issue.4, p.1218, 2003.

V. Armenteros-yeguas, L. Gárate-echenique, M. A. Tomás-lópez, E. Cristóbal-domínguez, B. Moreno-de-gusmão et al., Prevalence of difficult venous access and associated risk factors in highly complex hospitalised patients, J Clin Nurs, vol.26, pp.4267-75, 2017.

A. F. Jacobson and E. H. Winslow, Variables influencing intravenous catheter insertion difficulty and failure: an analysis of 339 intravenous catheter insertions. Heart Lung, vol.34, pp.345-59, 2005.

P. J. Carr, J. Rippey, C. A. Budgeon, M. L. Cooke, N. Higgins et al., Insertion of peripheral intravenous cannulae in the Emergency Department: factors associated with first-time insertion success, J Vasc Access, vol.17, issue.2, pp.182-90, 2016.

, BMI (kg.m -2 ), mean (SD)

, Indication for surgery: Planned, n (%) Unplanned, n (%) Missing, n (%)

, History of : Difficult PIVC insertion, n (%) Radiotherapy, n (%) Chemotherapy, n (%) Diabetes, n (%) Hospital stay exceeding 5 days, n(%) Intensive Care stay, n (%) IV drug abuse, n (%) Burn, n (%) Trophic Disorders, n (%) Connective tissue disorder, n (%) Arteriovenous fistula

. Antecubital,

, Cannulation side ? Right, n(%) Left, n(%) Missing, n(%)

, Anxiety scale Level ? Low: 0 to 30, n(%) Moderate: 31 to, vol.70

?. Atmosphere and . Noisy,

, Conflictual, n(%) Peaceful, n(%) Silent, n(%)

, Stressful, n(%) Missing, n(%)

E. Alexandrou, G. Ray-barruel, P. J. Carr, S. Frost, S. Inwood et al., International prevalence of the use of peripheral intravenous catheters, J Hosp Med, vol.10, issue.8, pp.530-533, 2015.

P. Duvaldestin, La mise en place d'une voie veineuse fait-elle partie des règles de sécurité avant l'induction d'une anesthésie chez l'adulte ? Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation, vol.17, p.9, 1998.

, Décret no 94-1050 du 5 décembre 1994 relatif aux conditions techniques de fonctionnement des établissements de santé en ce qui concerne la pratique de l'anesthésie et modifiant le code de la santé publique, 1994.

C. Dadure, F. Séguret, A. Marie, and X. Capdevila, Les actes d'anesthésie réalisée en France en 2010 : Enquête permanente exhaustive à partir des bases nationales PMSI, Congrès de la SFAR, 2012.

, Prévention des infections liées aux cathéters veineux périphériques, HAS, 2005.

K. Jenkins and . Ii, Needle phobia: a psychological perspective, Br J Anaesth, vol.113, issue.1, pp.4-6, 2014.

G. Walsh, Difficult Peripheral Venous Access: Recognizing and Managing the Patient at Risk, vol.13, pp.198-203, 2008.

J. M. Fields, N. E. Piela, and B. S. Ku, Association between multiple IV attempts and perceived pain levels in the emergency department, J Vasc Access, vol.15, issue.6, pp.514-522, 2014.

D. A. Goff, P. Larsen, J. Brinkley, D. Eldridge, D. Newton et al., Resource utilization and cost of inserting peripheral intravenous catheters in hospitalized children, Hosp Pediatr, vol.3, issue.3, pp.185-91, 2013.

H. W. Tuffaha, C. M. Rickard, J. Webster, N. Marsh, L. Gordon et al., Costeffectiveness analysis of clinically indicated versus routine replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters. Appl Health Econ Health Policy, vol.12, pp.51-59, 2014.

R. Lenhardt, T. Seybold, O. Kimberger, B. Stoiser, and D. I. Sessler, Local warming and insertion of peripheral venous cannulas: single blinded prospective randomised controlled trial and single blinded randomised crossover trial, BMJ, vol.325, issue.7361, pp.409-419, 2002.

, SCCM | Challenges and Solutions in Difficult Vascular Access

D. Sur,

C. M. Johns and J. H. Sumkin, US-guided venipuncture for venography in the edematous leg, Radiology, vol.180, issue.2, p.573, 1991.

M. Bensghir, K. Chkoura, K. Mounir, M. Drissi, A. Elwali et al.,

, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, vol.31, issue.7-8, pp.600-604, 2012.

T. G. Costantino, A. K. Parikh, W. A. Satz, and J. P. Fojtik, Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access versus traditional approaches in patients with difficult intravenous access, Ann Emerg Med, vol.46, issue.5, pp.456-61, 2005.

G. Egan, D. Healy, H. O'neill, M. Clarke-moloney, P. A. Grace et al., Ultrasound guidance for difficult peripheral venous access: systematic review and meta-analysis, Emerg Med J, vol.30, issue.7, pp.521-527, 2013.

L. A. Stolz, U. Stolz, C. Howe, I. J. Farrell, and S. Adhikari, Ultrasound-guided peripheral venous access: a meta-analysis and systematic review, J Vasc Access, vol.16, issue.4, pp.321-327, 2015.

F. Van-loon, M. P. Buise, J. Claassen, A. Dierick-van-daele, and A. Bouwman, Comparison of ultrasound guidance with palpation and direct visualisation for peripheral vein cannulation in adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Br J Anaesth, vol.121, issue.2, pp.358-66, 2018.

V. Sou, C. Mcmanus, N. Mifflin, S. A. Frost, J. Ale et al., A clinical pathway for the management of difficult venous access, BMC Nurs, vol.16, p.64, 2017.

M. Bauman, D. Braude, and C. Crandall, Ultrasound-guidance vs. standard technique in difficult vascular access patients by ED technicians, Am J Emerg Med, vol.27, issue.2, pp.135-175, 2009.

A. K. Au, M. J. Rotte, R. J. Grzybowski, B. S. Ku, and J. M. Fields, Decrease in central venous catheter placement due to use of ultrasound guidance for peripheral intravenous catheters, Am J Emerg Med, vol.30, issue.9, pp.1950-1954, 2012.

M. J. Vitto, M. Myers, C. M. Vitto, and D. P. Evans, Perceived Difficulty and Success Rate of Standard Versus Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in a Novice Study Group: A Randomized Crossover Trial, J Ultrasound Med, vol.35, issue.5, pp.895-903, 2016.

Y. T. Liu, A. Alsaawi, and H. M. Bjornsson, Ultrasound-guided peripheral venous access: a systematic review of randomized-controlled trials, Eur J Emerg Med, vol.21, issue.1, pp.18-23, 2014.

J. Stein, B. George, G. River, A. Hebig, and D. Mcdermott, Ultrasonographically guided peripheral intravenous cannulation in emergency department patients with difficult intravenous access: a randomized trial, Ann Emerg Med, vol.54, issue.1, pp.33-40, 2009.

J. M. Dargin, C. M. Rebholz, R. A. Lowenstein, P. M. Mitchell, and J. A. Feldman, Ultrasonographyguided peripheral intravenous catheter survival in ED patients with difficult access, Am J Emerg Med, vol.28, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2010.

P. Guillon, M. Makhloufi, S. Baillie, C. Roucoulet, E. Dolimier et al., Prospective evaluation of venous access difficulty and a near-infrared vein visualizer at four French haemophilia treatment centres, Haemophilia, vol.21, issue.1, pp.21-27, 2015.

M. J. Kim, J. M. Park, N. Rhee, S. M. Je, S. H. Hong et al., Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial, Eur J Pediatr, vol.171, issue.7, pp.1121-1126, 2012.

J. Aulagnier, C. Hoc, E. Mathieu, J. F. Dreyfus, M. Fischler et al., Efficacy of AccuVein to facilitate peripheral intravenous placement in adults presenting to an emergency department: a randomized clinical trial, Acad Emerg Med, vol.21, issue.8, pp.858-63, 2014.

P. Szmuk, J. Steiner, R. B. Pop, A. Farrow-gillespie, E. J. Mascha et al., The VeinViewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access, Anesth Analg, vol.116, issue.5, pp.1087-92, 2013.

F. Van-loon, L. Puijn, S. Houterman, and A. Bouwman, Development of the A-DIVA Scale: A Clinical Predictive Scale to Identify Difficult Intravenous Access in Adult Patients Based on Clinical Observations. Medicine (Baltimore), vol.95, p.3428, 2016.

, SFAR -Recommandations sur l'utilisation de l'échographie lors de la mise en place des accès vasculaires

, Société Française d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation, 2015.

J. M. Fields, N. E. Piela, A. K. Au, and B. S. Ku, Risk factors associated with difficult venous access in adult ED patients, Am J Emerg Med, vol.32, issue.10, pp.1179-82, 2014.

L. E. Keyes, B. W. Frazee, E. R. Snoey, B. C. Simon, and D. Christy, Ultrasound-guided brachial and basilic vein cannulation in emergency department patients with difficult intravenous access, Ann Emerg Med, vol.34, issue.6, pp.711-715, 1999.

M. A. Rodriguez-calero, I. Fernandez-fernandez, L. J. Molero-ballester, C. Matamalas-massanet, L. Moreno-mejias et al., Risk factors for difficult peripheral venous cannulation in hospitalised patients. Protocol for a multicentre casecontrol study in 48 units of eight public hospitals in Spain, BMJ Open, vol.8, issue.2, p.20420, 2018.

V. Armenteros-yeguas, L. Gárate-echenique, M. A. Tomás-lópez, E. Cristóbal-domínguez, B. Moreno-de-gusmão et al., Prevalence of difficult venous access and associated risk factors in highly complex hospitalised patients, J Clin Nurs, vol.26, pp.4267-75, 2017.

G. Civetta, S. Cortesi, M. Mancardi, D. Pirro, A. Vischio et al., EA-DIVA score (Enhanced Adult DIVA score): A new scale to predict difficult preoperative venous cannulation in adult surgical patients, J Vasc Access, 2018.

M. Piredda, V. Biagioli, B. Barrella, I. Carpisassi, R. Ghinelli et al., Factors affecting difficult peripheral intravenous cannulation in adults: a prospective observational study, J Clin Nurs, vol.26, issue.7-8, pp.1074-84, 2017.

K. Yen, A. Riegert, and M. H. Gorelick, Derivation of the DIVA score: a clinical prediction rule for the identification of children with difficult intravenous access, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.24, issue.3, pp.143-150, 2008.

M. W. Riker, C. Kennedy, B. S. Winfrey, K. Yen, and M. D. Dowd, Validation and refinement of the difficult intravenous access score: a clinical prediction rule for identifying children with difficult intravenous access, Acad Emerg Med, vol.18, issue.11, pp.1129-1163, 2011.

P. J. Carr, J. Rippey, M. L. Cooke, C. Bharat, K. Murray et al., Development of a clinical prediction rule to improve peripheral intravenous cannulae first attempt success in the emergency department and reduce post insertion failure rates: the Vascular Access Decisions in the Emergency Room (VADER) study protocol, BMJ Open, vol.6, issue.2, p.9196, 2016.

P. J. Carr, J. Rippey, M. L. Cooke, N. S. Higgins, M. Trevenen et al., From insertion to removal: A multicenter survival analysis of an admitted cohort with peripheral intravenous catheters inserted in the emergency department, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, vol.39, issue.10, pp.1216-1237, 2018.

P. J. Carr, J. Rippey, C. A. Budgeon, M. L. Cooke, N. Higgins et al., Insertion of peripheral intravenous cannulae in the Emergency Department: factors associated with first-time insertion success, J Vasc Access, vol.17, issue.2, pp.182-90, 2016.

P. J. Carr, N. S. Higgins, M. L. Cooke, G. Mihala, and C. M. Rickard, Vascular access specialist teams for device insertion and prevention of failure, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.3, p.11429, 2018.

M. Sebbane, P. Claret, S. Lefebvre, G. Mercier, J. Rubenovitch et al., Predicting peripheral venous access difficulty in the emergency department using body mass index and a clinical evaluation of venous accessibility, J Emerg Med, vol.44, issue.2, pp.299-305, 2013.

J. C. Rippey, P. J. Carr, M. Cooke, N. Higgins, and C. M. Rickard, Predicting and preventing peripheral intravenous cannula insertion failure in the emergency department: Clinician « gestalt » wins again, Emerg Med Australas, vol.28, issue.6, pp.658-65, 2016.

F. Van-loon, L. Van-hooff, D. Boer, H. D. Koopman, S. Buise et al., The Modified A-DIVA Scale as a Predictive Tool for Prospective Identification of Adult Patients at Risk of a Difficult Intravenous Access: A Multicenter Validation Study, J Clin Med, vol.8, issue.2, 2019.

A. F. Jacobson and E. H. Winslow, Variables influencing intravenous catheter insertion difficulty and failure: an analysis of 339 intravenous catheter insertions. Heart Lung, vol.34, pp.345-59, 2005.

M. B. O'neill, M. Dillane, and N. Hanipah, Validating the difficult intravenous access clinical prediction rule. Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.28, pp.1314-1320, 2012.

G. S. Collins, J. B. Reitsma, D. G. Altman, and K. Moons, Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement, Ann Intern Med, vol.162, issue.1, pp.55-63, 2015.

L. G. Glance, S. J. Lustik, E. L. Hannan, T. M. Osler, D. B. Mukamel et al., The Surgical Mortality Probability Model: derivation and validation of a simple risk prediction rule for noncardiac surgery, Ann Surg, vol.255, issue.4, pp.696-702, 2012.

Y. Wengström and A. Margulies, European Oncology Nursing Society extravasation guidelines, Eur J Oncol Nurs, vol.12, issue.4, pp.357-61, 2008.

M. Gallieni, M. Pittiruti, and R. Biffi, Vascular access in oncology patients, CA Cancer J Clin, vol.58, issue.6, pp.323-369, 2008.

T. B. Fitzpatrick, The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI, Arch Dermatol, vol.124, issue.6, pp.869-71, 1988.

F. Lapostolle, J. Catineau, B. Garrigue, V. Monmarteau, T. Houssaye et al., Prospective evaluation of peripheral venous access difficulty in emergency care, Intensive Care Med, vol.33, issue.8, pp.1452-1459, 2007.

P. Juvin, A. Blarel, F. Bruno, and J. Desmonts, Is peripheral line placement more difficult in obese than in lean patients?, Anesth Analg, vol.96, issue.4, p.1218, 2003.

E. W. Steyerberg, F. E. Harrell, G. J. Borsboom, M. J. Eijkemans, Y. Vergouwe et al., Internal validation of predictive models: efficiency of some procedures for logistic regression analysis, J Clin Epidemiol, vol.54, issue.8, pp.774-81, 2001.

A. Bodenham-chair, S. Babu, J. Bennett, R. Binks, P. Fee et al., Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland: Safe vascular access, Anaesthesia, vol.71, issue.5, pp.573-85, 2016.

. Ix and . Serment,

, Au moment d'être admise à exercer la médecine, je promets et je jure d'être fidèle aux lois de l'honneur et de la probité

, Mon premier souci sera de rétablir, de préserver ou de promouvoir la santé dans tous ses éléments, physiques et mentaux, individuels et sociaux

, Je respecterai toutes les personnes, leur autonomie et leur volonté, sans aucune discrimination selon leur état ou leurs convictions. J'interviendrai pour les protéger si elles sont affaiblies, vulnérables ou menacées dans leur intégrité ou leur dignité. Même sous la contrainte

, Je ne tromperai jamais leur confiance et n'exploiterai pas le pouvoir hérité des circonstances pour forcer les consciences

, Je ne me laisserai pas influencer par la soif du gain ou la recherche de la gloire

, Admise dans l'intimité des personnes, je tairai les secrets qui me seront confiés. Reçue à l'intérieur des maisons, je respecterai les secrets des foyers et ma conduite ne servira pas à corrompre les moeurs. Je ferai tout pour soulager les souffrances. Je ne prolongerai pas abusivement les agonies

, Je n'entreprendrai rien qui dépasse mes compétences. Je les entretiendrai et les perfectionnerai pour assurer au mieux les services qui me seront demandés

, J'apporterai mon aide à mes confrères ainsi qu'à leurs familles dans l'adversité

, Que les hommes et mes confrères m'accordent leur estime si je suis fidèle à mes promesses

, que je sois déshonorée et méprisée si j'y manque