, Rapport mondial sur le vieillissement et la santé, WHO, 2015.

, World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases, 2019.

B. R. Mcclintic, The relationship between retinal microvascular abnormalities and coronary heart disease: a review, Am J Med, vol.123, issue.4, pp.374-375, 2010.

T. Y. Wong, Retinal vascular caliber, cardiovascular risk factors, and inflammation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA), Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.47, issue.6, pp.2341-50, 2006.

A. Newman, N. Andrew, and R. Casson, Review of the association between retinal microvascular characteristics and eye disease, Clin Exp Ophthalmol, vol.46, issue.5, pp.531-552, 2018.

C. Y. Cheung, Retinal microvascular changes and risk of stroke: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Stroke, vol.44, pp.2402-2410, 2013.

K. Mcgeechan, Prediction of incident stroke events based on retinal vessel caliber: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis, Am J Epidemiol, vol.170, issue.11, pp.1323-1355, 2009.

D. L. Nickla and J. Wallman, The multifunctional choroid. Progress in retinal and eye research, vol.29, pp.144-168, 2010.

S. Mrejen and R. F. Spaide, Optical coherence tomography: imaging of the choroid and beyond, Surv Ophthalmol, vol.58, issue.5, pp.387-429, 2013.

J. Flammer, The eye and the heart, Eur Heart J, vol.34, issue.17, pp.1270-1278, 2013.

L. Arnould, The EYE-MI Pilot Study: A Prospective Acute Coronary Syndrome Cohort Evaluated With Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.59, issue.10, pp.4299-4306, 2018.

N. Bhuachalla, B. , C. A. Mcgarrigle, and R. A. Kenny, Neurocardiovascular instability may modulate end-organ damage: A review of this hypothesis investigating the eye and manifestations of NCVI, Med Hypotheses, vol.85, issue.5, pp.594-602, 2015.

R. Margolis and R. F. Spaide, A pilot study of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in normal eyes, Am J Ophthalmol, vol.147, issue.5, pp.811-816, 2009.

Y. Ikuno, Choroidal thickness in healthy Japanese subjects, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.51, issue.4, pp.2173-2179, 2010.

W. B. Wei, Subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing Eye Study, Ophthalmology, vol.120, issue.1, pp.175-80, 2013.

J. Ruiz-medrano, Macular choroidal thickness profile in a healthy population measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.55, issue.6, pp.3532-3574, 2014.

Y. Wakatsuki, Correlation of Aging and Segmental Choroidal Thickness Measurement using Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography in Healthy Eyes, PLoS One, vol.10, issue.12, p.144156, 2015.

N. K. Ryoo, Thickness of retina and choroid in the elderly population and its association with Complement Factor H polymorphism: KLoSHA Eye study, PLoS One, vol.13, issue.12, p.209276, 2018.

I. Tuncer, Choroidal thickness in relation to sex, age, refractive error, and axial length in healthy Turkish subjects, Int Ophthalmol, vol.35, issue.3, pp.403-413, 2015.

C. Yun, Ocular Perfusion Pressure and Choroidal Thickness in Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients With Reticular Pseudodrusen, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.57, issue.15, pp.6604-6609, 2016.

K. A. Tan, State of science: Choroidal thickness and systemic health, Surv Ophthalmol, vol.61, issue.5, pp.566-81, 2016.

H. J. Burfield, N. B. Patel, and L. A. Ostrin, Ocular Biometric Diurnal Rhythms in Emmetropic and Myopic Adults, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, vol.59, issue.12, pp.5176-5187, 2018.

C. S. Tan, Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.53, issue.1, pp.261-267, 2012.

T. Kinoshita, Diurnal variations in luminal and stromal areas of choroid in normal eyes, Br J Ophthalmol, vol.101, issue.3, pp.360-364, 2017.

S. Usui, Circadian changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness and the relationship with circulatory factors in healthy subjects, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.53, issue.4, pp.2300-2307, 2012.

N. Kara, Effects of two commonly used mydriatics on choroidal thickness: direct and crossover effects, J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, vol.30, issue.4, pp.366-70, 2014.

I. Yuvaci, An Evaluation of Effects of Different Mydriatics on Choroidal Thickness by Examining Anterior Chamber Parameters: The Scheimpflug Imaging and Enhanced Depth Imaging-OCT Study, J Ophthalmol, p.981274, 2015.

M. Kim, H. J. Kwon, and S. C. Lee, Influence of mydriatics on choroidal thickness measurement using enhanced depth imaging-OCT, Optom Vis Sci, vol.89, issue.8, pp.1150-1155, 2012.

A. C. Bird, An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group, Surv Ophthalmol, vol.39, issue.5, pp.367-74, 1995.

R. Klein, Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in 4 racial/ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis, Ophthalmology, vol.113, issue.3, pp.373-80, 2006.

C. Delcourt, Associations of complement factor H and smoking with early age-related macular degeneration: the ALIENOR study, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.52, issue.8, pp.5955-62, 2011.

H. Chan, Multimodal Imaging of Reticular Pseudodrusen in a Population-Based Setting: The Alienor Study, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.57, issue.7, pp.3058-65, 2016.

C. Delcourt, Nutrition and age-related eye diseases: the Alienor (Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et maladies OculaiRes) Study, J Nutr Health Aging, vol.14, issue.10, pp.854-61, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00544440

C. Schweitzer, Diagnostic Performance of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness for Detection of Glaucoma in an Elderly Population: The ALIENOR Study, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.57, issue.14, pp.5882-5891, 2016.

C. Schweitzer, Autofluorescence of Skin Advanced Glycation End Products as a Risk Factor for Open Angle Glaucoma: The ALIENOR Study, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.59, issue.1, pp.75-84, 2018.

P. J. Foster, 37. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: <em>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019</em&gt. Diabetes Care, Br J Ophthalmol, vol.86, issue.2, p.13, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01669788

S. M. Grundy, , 2018.

, PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. A Report of the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, p.25709, 2018.

G. Barteselli, Choroidal volume variations with age, axial length, and sex in healthy subjects: a three-dimensional analysis, Ophthalmology, vol.119, issue.12, pp.2572-2580, 2012.

X. Q. Li, M. Larsen, and I. C. Munch, Subfoveal choroidal thickness in relation to sex and axial length in 93 Danish university students, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.52, issue.11, pp.8438-8479, 2011.

A. Sanchez-cano, Choroidal thickness and volume in healthy young white adults and the relationships between them and axial length, ammetropy and sex, Am J Ophthalmol, vol.158, issue.3, pp.574-83, 2014.

A. A. Merz and S. Cheng, Sex differences in cardiovascular ageing, Heart, vol.102, issue.11, pp.825-856, 2016.

S. R. El-khoudary, Gaps, limitations and new insights on endogenous estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone as related to risk of cardiovascular disease in women traversing the menopause: A narrative review, Maturitas, vol.104, pp.44-53, 2017.

S. Cheng, Correlates of echocardiographic indices of cardiac remodeling over the adult life course: longitudinal observations from the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, vol.122, issue.6, pp.570-578, 2010.

D. D. Gatinel, Calcul d'implant, formule théorique, 2018.

, Online ressource for refractive outcome

Y. Nishida, Choroidal thickness and visual acuity in highly myopic eyes, Retina, vol.32, issue.7, pp.1229-1265, 2012.

T. Akahori, Changes in Choroidal Blood Flow and Morphology in Response to Increase in Intraocular Pressure, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.58, issue.12, pp.5076-5085, 2017.

Z. Lin, Analysis of choroidal thickness in ocular hypertensive patients using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, Lasers Med Sci, vol.33, issue.1, pp.111-121, 2018.

X. Zhang, Choroidal physiology and primary angle closure disease, Surv Ophthalmol, vol.60, issue.6, pp.547-56, 2015.

Z. Zhang, Choroidal Thickness and Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, J Glaucoma, vol.25, issue.5, pp.446-54, 2016.

E. Fleissig, CHANGES IN CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT PSEUDOPHAKIC CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA. Retina, vol.38, issue.8, pp.1629-1635, 2018.

T. Yilmaz, Long-Term Changes in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness After Cataract Surgery, Med Sci Monit, vol.22, pp.1566-70, 2016.

H. Jiang, Subfoveal Choroidal and Macular Thickness Changes after Phacoemulsification Using Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography, Ophthalmic Res, vol.60, issue.4, pp.243-249, 2018.

A. M. Ibrahim, Changes in Choroidal Thickness after Cataract Surgery, Semin Ophthalmol, vol.33, issue.5, pp.664-670, 2018.

H. Torabi, Choroidal thickness changes following cataract surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Curr Ophthalmol, vol.31, issue.1, pp.49-54, 2019.

F. K. Chen, Topographic variation and interocular symmetry of macular choroidal thickness using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.53, issue.2, pp.975-85, 2012.

J. Ruiz-medrano, ASYMMETRY IN MACULAR CHOROIDAL THICKNESS PROFILE BETWEEN BOTH EYES IN A HEALTHY POPULATION MEASURED BY SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. Retina, vol.35, issue.10, pp.2067-73, 2015.

R. F. Spaide, H. Koizumi, and M. C. Pozzoni, Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, Am J Ophthalmol, vol.146, issue.4, pp.496-500, 2008.

E. Orduna, Interocular Symmetry of Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Eyes on Optical Coherence Tomography, Ophthalmic Res, vol.59, issue.2, pp.81-87, 2018.

I. Maruko, Subfoveal choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina, vol.31, pp.1603-1611, 2011.

P. Zhang, CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN UNILATERAL IDIOPATHIC MACULAR HOLE: A Cross-Sectional Study and Meta-Analysis. Retina, vol.37, pp.60-69, 2017.

M. Selwaness, Atherosclerotic plaque in the left carotid artery is more vulnerable than in the right, Stroke, vol.45, issue.11, pp.3226-3256, 2014.

A. Hofman, The Rotterdam Study: 2016 objectives and design update, Eur J Epidemiol, vol.30, issue.8, pp.661-708, 2015.

R. Hernandez and S. A. , Is there a side predilection for cerebrovascular disease? Hypertension, vol.42, pp.56-60, 2003.

S. S. Hayreh and M. B. Zimmerman, Amaurosis fugax in ocular vascular occlusive disorders: prevalence and pathogeneses. Retina, vol.34, pp.115-137, 2014.

M. J. Greenwald, L. G. Wohl, and C. H. Sell, Metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis: a contemporary reappraisal, Surv Ophthalmol, vol.31, issue.2, pp.81-101, 1986.

T. L. Jackson, T. Paraskevopoulos, and I. Georgalas, Systematic review of 342 cases of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis, Surv Ophthalmol, vol.59, issue.6, pp.627-662, 2014.

M. Adhi, Analysis of the thickness and vascular layers of the choroid in eyes with geographic atrophy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, Retina, vol.34, issue.2, pp.306-318, 2014.

A. Govetto, Choroidal thickness in non-neovascular versus neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a fellow eye comparative study, Br J Ophthalmol, vol.101, issue.6, pp.764-769, 2017.

S. M. Ahn, Retinal vascular flow and choroidal thickness in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration with reticular pseudodrusen, BMC Ophthalmol, vol.18, issue.1, p.184, 2018.

B. Lee, Variation of Retinal and Choroidal Vasculatures in Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.59, issue.12, pp.5246-5255, 2018.

E. J. Sigler, Smoking and choroidal thickness in patients over 65 with early-atrophic agerelated macular degeneration and normals. Eye (Lond), vol.28, pp.838-884, 2014.

S. Palkovits, Retina, vol.37, issue.12, pp.2262-2268, 2017.

R. F. Spaide, . Disease, . In-nonexudative-age-related-macular, . Varies, and . Choroidal-thickness, Retina, vol.38, issue.4, pp.708-716, 2018.

B. Dogan, The retinal nerve fiber layer, choroidal thickness, and central macular thickness in morbid obesity: an evaluation using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, vol.20, issue.5, pp.886-91, 2016.

E. Yumusak, Choroidal thickness in obese women, BMC Ophthalmol, vol.16, issue.1, p.48, 2016.

F. Ulas, Effect of smoking on choroidal thickness in healthy smokers, Curr Eye Res, vol.39, issue.5, pp.504-515, 2014.

Y. Tamaki, Acute effects of cigarette smoking on tissue circulation in human optic nerve head and choroid-retina, Ophthalmology, vol.106, issue.3, pp.564-573, 1999.

K. Teberik, The Effect of Smoking on Macular, Choroidal, and Retina Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness, Turk J Ophthalmol, vol.49, issue.1, pp.20-24, 2019.

F. A. Kantarci, Retina, vol.36, issue.5, pp.986-91, 2016.

M. S. Dervisogullari, Effects of cigarette smoking on choroidal and retinal thickness and ocular pulse amplitude, Cutan Ocul Toxicol, vol.34, issue.3, pp.217-238, 2015.

A. A. El-shazly, EFFECT OF SMOKING ON MACULAR FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE IN ACTIVE SMOKERS VERSUS PASSIVE SMOKERS. Retina, vol.38, issue.5, pp.1031-1040, 2018.

S. Gattoussi, The ALIENOR Study. Retina, vol.39, pp.34-43, 2019.

D. Melancia, Diabetic choroidopathy: a review of the current literature, Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, vol.254, issue.8, pp.1453-61, 2016.

R. Nourinia, CHANGES IN CENTRAL CHOROIDAL THICKNESS AFTER TREATMENT OF DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB CORRELATION WITH CENTRAL MACULAR THICKNESS AND BEST-CORRECTED VISUAL ACUITY. Retina, vol.38, issue.5, pp.970-975, 2018.

Z. Zhang, Changes in Choroidal Thickness After Panretinal Photocoagulation for Diabetic Retinopathy: A 12-Week Longitudinal Study, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.56, issue.4, pp.2631-2639, 2015.

J. Tavares-ferreira, Retina and Choroid of Diabetic Patients Without Observed Retinal Vascular Changes: A Longitudinal Study, Am J Ophthalmol, vol.176, pp.15-25, 2017.

M. Esmaeelpour, Mapping choroidal and retinal thickness variation in type 2 diabetes using three-dimensional 1060-nm optical coherence tomography, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.52, issue.8, pp.5311-5317, 2011.

S. Vujosevic, Macular and peripapillary choroidal thickness in diabetic patients, Retina, vol.32, issue.9, pp.1781-90, 2012.

J. U. Sheth, CHARACTERIZATION OF MACULAR CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN ISCHEMIC AND NONISCHEMIC DIABETIC MACULOPATHY. Retina, vol.37, pp.522-528, 2017.

I. Lains, CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY ASSESSED WITH SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. Retina, vol.38, issue.1, pp.173-182, 2018.

G. A. Lutty, Diabetic choroidopathy. Vision Res, vol.139, pp.161-167, 2017.

J. Cao, Choriocapillaris degeneration and related pathologic changes in human diabetic eyes, Arch Ophthalmol, vol.116, issue.5, pp.589-97, 1998.

T. Murakami, In Vivo Choroidal Vascular Lesions in Diabetes on Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography. PLoS One, vol.11, issue.8, p.160317, 2016.

A. A. Alwassia, Exercise-induced acute changes in systolic blood pressure do not alter choroidal thickness as measured by a portable spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device, Retina, vol.33, issue.1, pp.160-165, 2013.

S. J. Ahn, S. J. Woo, and K. H. Park, Retinal and choroidal changes with severe hypertension and their association with visual outcome, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.55, issue.12, pp.7775-85, 2014.

F. Akay, Choroidal thickness in systemic arterial hypertension, Eur J Ophthalmol, vol.26, issue.2, pp.152-159, 2016.

J. Yang, A pathway and network review on beta-adrenoceptor signaling and beta blockers in cardiac remodeling, Heart Fail Rev, vol.19, issue.6, pp.799-814, 2014.

J. J. Salazar, Alterations in the choroid in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: reversibility after normalization of cholesterol levels, Exp Eye Res, vol.84, issue.3, pp.412-434, 2007.

I. Y. Wong, Choroidal thickness in relation to hypercholesterolemia on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Retina, vol.33, pp.423-431, 2013.

M. Ahmad, Choroidal thickness in patients with coronary artery disease, PLoS One, vol.12, issue.6, p.175691, 2017.

E. E. Karaca, Reproducibility of choroidal thickness measurements in healthy Turkish subjects, Eur J Ophthalmol, vol.24, issue.2, pp.202-210, 2014.

T. Yamashita, Repeatability and reproducibility of subfoveal choroidal thickness in normal eyes of Japanese using different SD-OCT devices, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.53, issue.3, pp.1102-1109, 2012.

, Reconstruction 2D centrée sur la choroïde d'un SS-OCT avec visualisation des vaisseaux choroïdiens (à noter les projections des gros vaisseaux rétiniens), Figure, vol.13

, Un mapping avec volumétrie choroïdienne maculaire nous donnerait plus d'information car, au vu de la régulation du flux, il se pourrait que la région sous-fovéolaire soit épargnée plus longtemps que les autres zones

, Asymétrie Notre étude trouve une épaisseur choroïdienne plus épaisse à droite qu'à gauche, et la confrontation aux données de la littérature est discutée dans l'article ci-dessus. La prévalence des accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques du côté gauche a soulevé la question de l'asymétrie dans les maladies neuro-vasculaires

. Cependant, une étude a montré que la taille des plaques athérosclérotiques et leur composition ne VI

, World Health Organization. Rapport mondial sur le vieillissement et la santé, 2015.

, World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases, 2019.

D. R. Collins, Global cardiovascular risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: systematic review of systematic reviews, BMJ Open, vol.7, issue.3, p.13650, 2017.

A. Tralhao, Accuracy of Pooled-Cohort Equation and SCORE cardiovascular risk calculators to identify individuals with high coronary atherosclerotic burden -implications for statin treatment, Coron Artery Dis, vol.27, issue.7, pp.573-582, 2016.

B. R. Mcclintic, The relationship between retinal microvascular abnormalities and coronary heart disease: a review, Am J Med, vol.123, issue.4, pp.374-375, 2010.

C. Y. Cheung, Retinal microvascular changes and risk of stroke: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Stroke, vol.44, pp.2402-2410, 2013.

A. Newman, N. Andrew, and R. Casson, Review of the association between retinal microvascular characteristics and eye disease, Clin Exp Ophthalmol, vol.46, issue.5, pp.531-552, 2018.

D. L. Nickla and J. Wallman, The multifunctional choroid, Prog Retin Eye Res, vol.29, issue.2, pp.144-68, 2010.

J. R. Patwardhan, Comparative histopathological study of arteriosclerosis of the retina, the brain and the circle of Willis, J All India Ophthalmol Soc, vol.18, issue.4, pp.155-61, 1970.

, Site de la chirurgie vasculaire et endovasculaire de langue française

, Anatomie de l'oeil, IMAIOS, 2019.

A. Bron, A. L. Francoz, and . Gpao-dans-le-monde, Sous l'égide de la SFO Coordonné et traduit par, Rétine et vitré BCSC cours de sciences fondamentales et cliniques, vol.13, pp.2015-2016, 2014.

S. Mrejen and R. F. Spaide, Optical coherence tomography: imaging of the choroid and beyond, Surv Ophthalmol, vol.58, issue.5, pp.387-429, 2013.

A. Reiner, Neural control of choroidal blood flow. Prog Retin Eye Res, vol.64, pp.96-130, 2018.

C. S. Tan, Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.53, issue.1, pp.261-267, 2012.

T. Kinoshita, Diurnal variations in luminal and stromal areas of choroid in normal eyes, Br J Ophthalmol, vol.101, issue.3, pp.360-364, 2017.

L. M. Heindl, Sufficient Evidence for Lymphatics in the Developing and Adult Human Choroid? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.56, pp.6709-6719, 2015.

P. Wostyn, The Glymphatic Hypothesis of Glaucoma: A Unifying Concept Incorporating Vascular, Biomechanical, and Biochemical Aspects of the Disease, Biomed Res Int, p.5123148, 2017.

P. Wostyn, The Glymphatic System: A New Player in Ocular Diseases? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.57, pp.5426-5427, 2016.

A. K. Denniston and P. A. Keane, Paravascular Pathways in the Eye: Is There an 'Ocular Glymphatic System'?, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.56, issue.6, pp.3955-3961, 2015.

Q. Quizlet-retina,

R. F. Spaide, H. Koizumi, and M. C. Pozzoni, Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, Am J Ophthalmol, vol.146, issue.4, pp.496-500, 2008.

M. Shapiro and M. , Website of education and information resource, on topics related to vascular anatomy and pathology of brain, neck, and spine

W. B. Wei, Subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing Eye Study, Ophthalmology, vol.120, issue.1, pp.175-80, 2013.

G. Barteselli, Choroidal volume variations with age, axial length, and sex in healthy subjects: a three-dimensional analysis, Ophthalmology, vol.119, issue.12, pp.2572-2580, 2012.

X. Q. Li, M. Larsen, and I. C. Munch, Subfoveal choroidal thickness in relation to sex and axial length in 93 Danish university students, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.52, issue.11, pp.8438-8479, 2011.

I. Tuncer, Choroidal thickness in relation to sex, age, refractive error, and axial length in healthy Turkish subjects, Int Ophthalmol, vol.35, issue.3, pp.403-413, 2015.

P. Jin, LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN CHOROIDAL AND RETINAL THICKNESSES IN CHILDREN WITH MYOPIC SHIFT. Retina, 2018.

E. Ohsugi, Changes in choroidal thickness in healthy pediatric individuals: a longitudinal study, Int J Ophthalmol, vol.11, issue.7, pp.1179-1184, 2018.

W. Chen, Macular choroidal thickness in highly myopic women during pregnancy and postpartum: a longitudinal study, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, vol.18, issue.1, p.220, 2018.

J. W. Lee, Macular Choroidal Thickness and Volume Measured by Swept-source Optical Coherence Tomography in Healthy Korean Children, Korean J Ophthalmol, vol.30, issue.1, pp.32-41, 2016.

C. Al-haddad, Interocular symmetry in macular choroidal thickness in children, J Ophthalmol, p.472391, 2014.

T. Akahori, Changes in Choroidal Blood Flow and Morphology in Response to Increase in Intraocular Pressure, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.58, issue.12, pp.5076-5085, 2017.

Z. Lin, Analysis of choroidal thickness in ocular hypertensive patients using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, Lasers Med Sci, vol.33, issue.1, pp.111-121, 2018.

Z. Zhang, Choroidal Thickness and Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, J Glaucoma, vol.25, issue.5, pp.446-54, 2016.

X. Zhang, Choroidal physiology and primary angle closure disease, Surv Ophthalmol, vol.60, issue.6, pp.547-56, 2015.

F. K. Chen, Topographic variation and interocular symmetry of macular choroidal thickness using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.53, issue.2, pp.975-85, 2012.

J. Ruiz-medrano, ASYMMETRY IN MACULAR CHOROIDAL THICKNESS PROFILE BETWEEN BOTH EYES IN A HEALTHY POPULATION MEASURED BY SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. Retina, vol.35, issue.10, pp.2067-73, 2015.

E. Orduna, Interocular Symmetry of Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Eyes on Optical Coherence Tomography, Ophthalmic Res, vol.59, issue.2, pp.81-87, 2018.

A. M. Ibrahim, Changes in Choroidal Thickness after Cataract Surgery, Semin Ophthalmol, vol.33, issue.5, pp.664-670, 2018.

T. Yilmaz, Long-Term Changes in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness After Cataract Surgery, Med Sci Monit, vol.22, pp.1566-70, 2016.

E. Fleissig, CHANGES IN CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT PSEUDOPHAKIC CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA. Retina, vol.38, issue.8, pp.1629-1635, 2018.

M. Adhi, Analysis of the thickness and vascular layers of the choroid in eyes with geographic atrophy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, Retina, vol.34, issue.2, pp.306-318, 2014.

A. Govetto, Choroidal thickness in non-neovascular versus neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a fellow eye comparative study, Br J Ophthalmol, vol.101, issue.6, pp.764-769, 2017.

R. F. Spaide, . Disease, . In-nonexudative-age-related-macular, . Varies, and . Choroidal-thickness, Retina, vol.38, issue.4, pp.708-716, 2018.

S. M. Ahn, Retinal vascular flow and choroidal thickness in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration with reticular pseudodrusen, BMC Ophthalmol, vol.18, issue.1, p.184, 2018.

C. Yun, Ocular Perfusion Pressure and Choroidal Thickness in Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients With Reticular Pseudodrusen, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.57, issue.15, pp.6604-6609, 2016.

Y. Tamaki, Acute effects of cigarette smoking on tissue circulation in human optic nerve head and choroid-retina, Ophthalmology, vol.106, issue.3, pp.564-573, 1999.

A. A. El-shazly, EFFECT OF SMOKING ON MACULAR FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE IN ACTIVE SMOKERS VERSUS PASSIVE SMOKERS. Retina, vol.38, issue.5, pp.1031-1040, 2018.

S. Gattoussi, The ALIENOR Study. Retina, vol.39, pp.34-43, 2019.

A. A. Alwassia, Exercise-induced acute changes in systolic blood pressure do not alter choroidal thickness as measured by a portable spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device, Retina, vol.33, issue.1, pp.160-165, 2013.

S. J. Ahn, S. J. Woo, and K. H. Park, Retinal and choroidal changes with severe hypertension and their association with visual outcome, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.55, issue.12, pp.7775-85, 2014.

F. Akay, Choroidal thickness in systemic arterial hypertension, Eur J Ophthalmol, vol.26, issue.2, pp.152-159, 2016.

B. Dogan, The retinal nerve fiber layer, choroidal thickness, and central macular thickness in morbid obesity: an evaluation using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, vol.20, issue.5, pp.886-91, 2016.

I. Ersan, Noninvasive assessment of the retina and the choroid using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography shows microvascular impairments in childhood obesity, J aapos, vol.20, issue.1, pp.58-62, 2016.

E. Yumusak, Choroidal thickness in obese women, BMC Ophthalmol, vol.16, issue.1, p.48, 2016.

J. J. Salazar, Alterations in the choroid in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: reversibility after normalization of cholesterol levels, Exp Eye Res, vol.84, issue.3, pp.412-434, 2007.

I. Y. Wong, Choroidal thickness in relation to hypercholesterolemia on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Retina, vol.33, pp.423-431, 2013.

R. Rewbury, Subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema. Eye (Lond), vol.30, pp.1568-1572, 2016.

M. Esmaeelpour, Mapping choroidal and retinal thickness variation in type 2 diabetes using three-dimensional 1060-nm optical coherence tomography, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.52, issue.8, pp.5311-5317, 2011.

S. Vujosevic, Macular and peripapillary choroidal thickness in diabetic patients, Retina, vol.32, issue.9, pp.1781-90, 2012.

J. U. Sheth, CHARACTERIZATION OF MACULAR CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN ISCHEMIC AND NONISCHEMIC DIABETIC MACULOPATHY. Retina, vol.37, pp.522-528, 2017.

Z. Zhang, Changes in Choroidal Thickness After Panretinal Photocoagulation for Diabetic Retinopathy: A 12-Week Longitudinal Study, CHANGES IN CENTRAL CHOROIDAL THICKNESS AFTER TREATMENT OF DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB CORRELATION WITH CENTRAL MACULAR THICKNESS AND BEST-CORRECTED VISUAL ACUITY. Retina, vol.56, issue.4, pp.970-975, 2015.

C. Delcourt, Nutrition and age-related eye diseases: the Alienor (Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et maladies OculaiRes) Study, J Nutr Health Aging, vol.14, issue.10, pp.316-341, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00544440

K. A. Tan, State of science: Choroidal thickness and systemic health, Surv Ophthalmol, vol.61, issue.5, pp.566-81, 2016.

J. Pournaras-constantin, Pathologies vasculaires oculaires. Rapport SFO, édition Elsevier Masson, vol.22, pp.601-70, 2008.

H. Nakashizuka, Clinicopathologic findings in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.49, issue.11, pp.4729-4766, 2008.

J. Cao, Choriocapillaris degeneration and related pathologic changes in human diabetic eyes, Arch Ophthalmol, vol.116, issue.5, pp.589-97, 1998.

A. A. Hidayat and B. S. Fine, Light and electron microscopic observations of seven cases, Ophthalmology, vol.92, issue.4, pp.512-534, 1985.

Y. Wakatsuki, Correlation of Aging and Segmental Choroidal Thickness Measurement using Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography in Healthy Eyes, PLoS One, vol.10, issue.12, p.144156, 2015.

K. R. Chirco, Structural and molecular changes in the aging choroid: implications for agerelated macular degeneration, Eye, vol.31, issue.1, pp.10-25, 2017.

P. L. Nesper, G. A. Lutty, and A. A. Fawzi, RESIDUAL CHOROIDAL VESSELS IN ATROPHY CAN MASQUERADE AS CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY: Introducing a Clinical and Software Approach. Retina, vol.38, issue.7, pp.1289-1300, 2018.

M. Adhi, Analysis of morphological features and vascular layers of choroid in diabetic retinopathy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, JAMA Ophthalmol, vol.131, issue.10, pp.1267-74, 2013.

I. Lains, CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY ASSESSED WITH SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. Retina, vol.38, issue.1, pp.173-182, 2018.

R. Agrawal, Choroidal Vascularity Index in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease: An EDI-OCT Derived Tool for Monitoring Disease Progression, Transl Vis Sci Technol, vol.5, issue.4, p.7, 2016.

X. Wei, CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY INDEX: A Novel Optical Coherence Tomography Based Parameter in Patients With Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Retina, vol.37, issue.6, pp.1120-1125, 2017.

X. Wei, Comparison of Choroidal Vascularity Markers on Optical Coherence Tomography Using Two-Image Binarization Techniques, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol.59, issue.3, pp.1206-1211, 2018.

R. Agrawal, Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: Measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study, vol.6, p.21090, 2016.

H. C. Hendargo, Doppler velocity detection limitations in spectrometer-based versus swept-source optical coherence tomography, Biomed Opt Express, vol.2, issue.8, pp.2175-88, 2011.

A. Hofman, The Rotterdam Study: 2016 objectives and design update, Eur J Epidemiol, vol.30, issue.8, pp.661-708, 2015.

R. Hernandez and S. A. , Is there a side predilection for cerebrovascular disease? Hypertension, vol.42, pp.56-60, 2003.

M. Selwaness, Atherosclerotic plaque in the left carotid artery is more vulnerable than in the right, Stroke, vol.45, issue.11, pp.3226-3256, 2014.

. Serment-d&apos;hippocrate,

, Au moment d'être admis à exercer la médecine, je promets et je jure d'être fidèle aux lois de l'honneur et de la probité

, Mon premier souci sera de rétablir, de préserver ou de promouvoir la santé dans tous ses éléments, physiques et mentaux, individuels et sociaux

, Je respecterai toutes les personnes, leur autonomie et leur volonté, sans aucune discrimination selon leur état ou leurs convictions. J'interviendrai pour les protéger si elles sont affaiblies, vulnérables ou menacées dans leur intégrité ou leur dignité. Même sous la contrainte

, Je ne tromperai jamais leur confiance et n'exploiterai pas le pouvoir hérité des circonstances pour forcer les consciences

, Reçu à l'intérieur des maisons, je respecterai les secrets des foyers et ma conduite ne servira pas à corrompre les moeurs. Je ferai tout pour soulager les souffrances. Je ne prolongerai pas abusivement les agonies

, Je n'entreprendrai rien qui dépasse mes compétences. Je les entretiendrai et les perfectionnerai pour assurer au mieux les services qui me seront demandés

, J'apporterai mon aide à mes confrères ainsi qu'à leurs familles dans l'adversité

, Que les hommes et mes confrères m'accordent leur estime si je suis fidèle à mes promesses

, Sub-foveal choroidal thickness evolution measured with EDI-OCT in a population-based study of French elderly subjects: the ALIENOR STUDY Importance: Sub-foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) evolution over time in the elderly is poorly known, its correlation with ocular factors cardiovascular risks factors is debated

, Design and settings: Population-based longitudinal study: the ALIENOR (Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et maladies OculaiRes) Study since 2009. Regarding this paper, collected data ranged from, 2011.

, Mixed linear models with random effect were used to evaluate the associations of SFCT with age, sex, ocular parameters and vascular risk factors, and its evolution over time. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 82.3 years (SD: 3.3). Mean SFCT at baseline was 208.5 µm (SD: 77.7) ranging from 17 to 457 µm. SFCT decreased by 10.8 µm per year (p<0.0001), Subjects and Methods: a detailed ophthalmic examination including EDI-OCT (enhanced depth Imaging-Optical coherence tomography) were obtained in 282 subjects who were aged 77 years or older

, Conclusion and relevance: In this cohort of elderly, mean SFCT decreased over time and tend to reach a plateau. SFCT was significantly negatively associated with age, in women, with high AL, high IOP, left side at baseline. The rate of evolution of choroidal thickness was associated with women positively, and diabetes positively but was not associated with others ocular or cardiovascular factors