K. Karkouti, D. N. Wijeysundera, and T. M. Yau, The independent association of massive blood loss with mortality in cardiac surgery, Transfusion (Paris), vol.44, pp.1453-62, 2004.

D. S. Likosky, G. Paone, and M. Zhang, Red Blood Cell Transfusions Impact Pneumonia Rates After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Ann Thorac Surg, vol.100, pp.794-800, 2015.

M. C. Christensen, F. Dziewior, A. Kempel, and C. Von-heymann, Increased chest tube drainage is independently associated with adverse outcome after cardiac surgery, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, vol.26, pp.46-51, 2012.

M. J. Unsworth-white, A. Herriot, and O. Valencia, Resternotomy for bleeding after cardiac operation: a marker for increased morbidity and mortality, Ann Thorac Surg, vol.59, pp.664-671, 1995.

L. S. Czer, Mediastinal bleeding after cardiac surgery: etiologies, diagnostic considerations, and blood conservation methods, J Cardiothorac Anesth, vol.3, pp.760-75, 1989.

R. C. Woodman and L. A. Harker, Bleeding complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, Blood, vol.76, pp.1680-97, 1990.

S. Karthik, A. D. Grayson, E. E. Mccarron, D. M. Pullan, and M. J. Desmond, Reexploration for bleeding after coronary artery bypass surgery: risk factors, outcomes, and the effect of time delay, Ann Thorac Surg, vol.78, pp.527-561, 2004.

C. G. Koch, L. Li, and A. I. Duncan, Morbidity and mortality risk associated with red blood cell and blood-component transfusion in isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, Crit Care Med, vol.34, pp.1608-1624, 2006.

R. M. Sniecinski and W. L. Chandler, Activation of the hemostatic system during cardiopulmonary bypass, Anesth Analg, vol.113, pp.1319-1352, 2011.

C. Solomon, N. Rahe-meyer, and B. Sørensen, Fibrin formation is more impaired than thrombin generation and platelets immediately following cardiac surgery, Thromb Res, vol.128, pp.277-82, 2011.

S. T. Hiippala, G. J. Myllylä, and E. M. Vahtera, Hemostatic factors and replacement of major blood loss with plasma-poor red cell concentrates, Anesth Analg, vol.81, pp.360-365, 1995.

C. Gielen, O. Dekkers, and T. Stijnen, The effects of pre-and postoperative fibrinogen levels on blood loss after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, vol.18, pp.292-300, 2014.

J. H. Levy, F. Szlam, K. A. Tanaka, and R. M. Sniecienski, Fibrinogen and hemostasis: a primary hemostatic target for the management of acquired bleeding, Anesth Analg, vol.114, pp.261-74, 2012.

J. Li, J. Gong, and F. Zhu, Fibrinogen Concentrate in Cardiovascular Surgery: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Anesth Analg, vol.127, pp.612-633, 2018.

D. Pagano, M. Milojevic, and M. I. Meesters, EACTS/EACTA Guidelines on patient blood management for adult cardiac surgery, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, vol.53, pp.79-111, 2017.

. Vii)-bibliographie,

K. Karkouti, D. N. Wijeysundera, and T. M. Yau, The independent association of massive blood loss with mortality in cardiac surgery, Transfusion, vol.44, pp.1453-62, 2004.

M. Ranucci, E. Baryshnikova, S. Castelvecchio, and G. Pelissero, Surgical and Clinical Outcome Research (SCORE) Group. Major bleeding, transfusions, and anemia: the deadly triad of cardiac surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, vol.96, pp.478-85, 2013.

S. Karthik, A. D. Grayson, E. E. Mccarron, D. M. Pullan, and M. J. Desmond, Reexploration for bleeding after coronary artery bypass surgery: risk factors, outcomes, and the effect of time delay, Ann Thorac Surg, vol.78, pp.527-561, 2004.

M. C. Christensen, F. Dziewior, A. Kempel, and C. Von-heymann, Increased chest tube drainage is independently associated with adverse outcome after cardiac surgery, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, vol.26, pp.46-51, 2012.

D. S. Likosky, G. Paone, and M. Zhang, Red Blood Cell Transfusions Impact Pneumonia Rates After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Ann Thorac Surg, vol.100, pp.794-800, 2015.

G. Andreu, K. Boudjedir, and J. Muller, Analysis of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury and Possible Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury Reported to the French Hemovigilance Network From, Transfus Med Rev, vol.32, pp.16-27, 2007.

R. C. Woodman and L. A. Harker, Bleeding complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, Blood, vol.76, pp.1680-97, 1990.

C. G. Koch, L. Li, and A. I. Duncan, Morbidity and mortality risk associated with red blood cell and blood-component transfusion in isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, Crit Care Med, vol.34, pp.1608-1624, 2006.

G. J. Murphy, B. C. Reeves, C. A. Rogers, S. Rizvi, L. Culliford et al., Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery, Circulation, vol.116, pp.2544-52, 2007.

M. Hoffman, Remodeling the blood coagulation cascade, J Thromb Thrombolysis, vol.16, pp.17-20, 2003.

D. J. Angiolillo, M. Ueno, and S. Goto, Basic principles of platelet biology and clinical implications, Circ J, vol.74, pp.597-607, 2010.

Z. Bagoly, Z. Koncz, J. Hársfalvi, and L. Muszbek, Factor XIII, clot structure, thrombosis, Thromb Res, vol.129, pp.382-389, 2012.

R. J. Fish and M. Neerman-arbez, Fibrinogen gene regulation, Thromb Haemost, vol.108, pp.419-445, 2012.

P. Innerhofer and J. Kienast, Principles of perioperative coagulopathy, Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, vol.24, pp.1-14, 2010.

R. M. Sniecinski and W. L. Chandler, Activation of the hemostatic system during cardiopulmonary bypass, Anesth Analg, vol.113, pp.1319-1352, 2011.

M. Blome, F. Isgro, and A. H. Kiessling, Relationship between factor XIII activity, fibrinogen, haemostasis screening tests and postoperative bleeding in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2005.

C. Solomon, N. Rahe-meyer, and B. Sørensen, Fibrin formation is more impaired than thrombin generation and platelets immediately following cardiac surgery, Thromb Res, vol.128, pp.277-82, 2011.

S. T. Hiippala, G. J. Myllylä, and E. M. Vahtera, Hemostatic factors and replacement of major blood loss with plasma-poor red cell concentrates, Anesth Analg, vol.81, pp.360-365, 1995.

C. M. Samama, B. Ickx, Y. Ozier, A. Steib, S. Susen et al., Place des concentrés de fibrinogène dans la prise en charge des hémorragies : position du Groupe d'intérêt en hémostase périopératoire (GIHP), Anesthésie & Réanimation, vol.4, pp.465-78, 2018.

J. H. Levy, F. Szlam, K. A. Tanaka, and R. M. Sniecienski, Fibrinogen and hemostasis: a primary hemostatic target for the management of acquired bleeding, Anesth Analg, vol.114, pp.261-74, 2012.

S. A. Kozek-langenecker, A. B. Ahmed, and A. Afshari, Management of severe perioperative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology: First update 2016, Eur J Anaesthesiol, vol.34, pp.332-95, 2017.

C. Gielen, O. Dekkers, and T. Stijnen, The effects of pre-and postoperative fibrinogen levels on blood loss after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, vol.18, pp.292-300, 2014.

J. Li, J. Gong, and F. Zhu, Fibrinogen Concentrate in Cardiovascular Surgery: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Anesth Analg, vol.127, pp.612-633, 2018.

L. Yang, A. Vuylsteke, C. Gerrard, M. Besser, and T. Baglin, Postoperative fibrinogen level is associated with postoperative bleeding following cardiothoracic surgery and the effect of fibrinogen replacement therapy remains uncertain, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol.11, pp.1519-1545, 2013.

K. Waldén, A. Jeppsson, S. Nasic, E. Backlund, and M. Karlsson, Low Preoperative Fibrinogen Plasma Concentration Is Associated With Excessive Bleeding After Cardiac Operations, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol.97, pp.1199-206, 2014.

J. Danesh and S. Lewington, Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant metaanalysis, JAMA, vol.294, pp.1799-809, 2005.

M. Kindo, T. Hoang-minh, and S. Gerelli, Plasma fibrinogen level on admission to the intensive care unit is a powerful predictor of postoperative bleeding after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, Thrombosis Research, vol.134, pp.360-368, 2014.

K. Karkouti, J. Callum, and M. A. Crowther, The Relationship Between Fibrinogen Levels After Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Large Volume Red Cell Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery: An Observational Study, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol.117, pp.14-22, 2013.

K. R. Machlus, J. C. Cardenas, F. C. Church, and A. S. Wolberg, Causal relationship between hyperfibrinogenemia, thrombosis, and resistance to thrombolysis in mice, Blood, vol.117, pp.4953-63, 2011.

J. W. Weisel, Structure of fibrin: impact on clot stability, J Thromb Haemost, vol.5, issue.1, pp.116-140, 2007.

C. Longstaff, C. Thelwell, S. C. Williams, M. Silva, L. Szabó et al., The interplay between tissue plasminogen activator domains and fibrin structures in the regulation of fibrinolysis: kinetic and microscopic studies, Blood, vol.117, pp.661-669, 2011.

D. Lominadze, W. L. Dean, S. C. Tyagi, and A. M. Roberts, Mechanisms of fibrinogen-induced microvascular dysfunction during cardiovascular disease, Acta Physiol (Oxf), vol.198, pp.1-13, 2010.

N. J. Koning, M. Overmars, and C. E. Van-den-brom, Endothelial hyperpermeability after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass as assessed using an in vitro bioassay for endothelial barrier function, British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.116, pp.223-255, 2016.

A. Casini, M. Neerman-arbez, R. A. Ariëns, and P. De-moerloose, Dysfibrinogenemia: from molecular anomalies to clinical manifestations and management, J Thromb Haemost, vol.13, pp.909-928, 2015.

M. W. Besser and S. G. Macdonald, Acquired hypofibrinogenemia: current perspectives, J Blood Med, vol.7, pp.217-242, 2016.

A. Undas, Acquired dysfibrinogenemia in atherosclerotic vascular disease, Pol Arch Med Wewn, vol.121, pp.310-319, 2011.

E. M. Van-cott, E. Y. Smith, and D. K. Galanakis, Elevated fibrinogen in an acute phase reaction prolongs the reptilase time but typically not the thrombin time, Am J Clin Pathol, vol.118, pp.263-271, 2002.

L. Marcel, . Van-der-poll, and . Tom, Büller Harry R. Bidirectional Relation Between Inflammation and Coagulation. Circulation, vol.109, pp.2698-704, 2004.

H. E. Achneck, B. Sileshi, A. Parikh, C. A. Milano, I. J. Welsby et al., Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface, Circulation, vol.122, pp.2068-77, 2010.

E. Squiccimarro, C. Labriola, and P. G. Malvindi, Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Systemic Inflammatory Reaction After Cardiac Surgery, 2019.

C. Dyke, S. Aronson, and W. Dietrich, Universal definition of perioperative bleeding in adult cardiac surgery, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, vol.147, pp.1458-1463, 2014.

P. H. Colson, P. Gaudard, and J. Fellahi, Active Bleeding after Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Observational Multicenter Study, PLoS One, vol.11, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01361588

R. Goudie, J. Sterne, .. C. Verheyden, V. Bhabra, M. Ranucci et al., Risk scores to facilitate preoperative prediction of transfusion and large volume blood transfusion associated with adult cardiac surgery, Br J Anaesth, vol.114, pp.757-66, 2015.

A. Petrou, P. Tzimas, and S. Siminelakis, Massive bleeding in cardiac surgery. Definitions, predictors and challenges, Hippokratia, vol.20, pp.179-86, 2016.

G. Liu, P. L. Mcnicol, and P. R. Mccall, Prediction of the mediastinal drainage after coronary artery bypass surgery, Anaesth Intensive Care, vol.28, pp.420-426, 2000.

K. Karkouti, R. O'farrell, T. M. Yau, and W. S. Beattie, Reducing Bleeding in Cardiac Surgery Research Group. Prediction of massive blood transfusion in cardiac surgery, Can J Anaesth, vol.53, pp.781-94, 2006.