G. Vaiva, L. Jehel, O. Cottencin, F. Ducrocq, C. Duchet et al., Prevalence of trauma-related disorders in the French WHO study: Santé mentale en population générale

. L'encephale, , 2008.

E. G. Karam, M. J. Friedman, E. D. Hill, R. C. Kessler, K. A. Mclaughlin et al.,

, Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys, Depress Anxiety. févr, vol.31, issue.2, pp.130-172, 2014.

R. C. Kessler, P. Berglund, O. Demler, J. R. Merikangas, K. R. Walters et al., Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Arch Gen Psychiatry. juin, vol.62, issue.6, pp.593-602, 2005.

N. Breslau, Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders, Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr. déc, vol.47, issue.10, pp.923-932, 2002.

R. C. Kessler, A. Sonnega, E. Bromet, M. Hughes, and C. B. Nelson, Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey, Arch Gen Psychiatry. déc, vol.52, issue.12, 1995.

S. E. Hobfoll, P. Watson, C. C. Bell, R. A. Bryant, M. J. Brymer et al., Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence, Psychiatry, vol.70, issue.4, pp.316-369, 2007.

E. J. Costello, A. Erkanli, J. A. Fairbank, and A. Angold, The prevalence of potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence, J Trauma Stress. avr, vol.15, issue.2, pp.99-112, 2002.

E. Alisic, A. K. Zalta, F. Van-wesel, S. E. Larsen, G. S. Hafstad et al., Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis

, Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci, vol.204, pp.335-375, 2014.

K. R. Merikangas, J. He, M. Burstein, S. A. Swanson, S. Avenevoli et al., Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication--Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, vol.49, pp.980-989, 2010.

R. Yehuda, C. W. Hoge, A. C. Mcfarlane, E. Vermetten, R. A. Lanius et al.,

, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Nat Rev Dis Primer, vol.08, p.15057, 2015.

G. Vila, L'état de stress post-traumatique chez l'enfant, 2006.

, Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, vol.37, pp.4-26, 1998.

L. C. Terr, Childhood traumas: an outline and overview, Am J Psychiatry. janv, vol.148, issue.1, pp.10-20, 1991.

F. K. Tedeschi and S. B. Billick, Pediatric PTSD: Clinical, Forensic, and Diagnostic Understanding, J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. juin, vol.45, issue.2, pp.161-170, 2017.

D. Young, A. C. Landolt, and M. A. , PTSD in Children Below the Age of 6 Years, Curr Psychiatry Rep, vol.20, issue.11, p.97, 2018.

L. C. Rideout and P. A. Normandin, Pediatric Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, J Emerg Nurs JEN Off Publ Emerg Dep Nurses Assoc, vol.41, issue.6, pp.531-533, 2015.

M. A. Gupta, Review of somatic symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder, Int Rev Psychiatry Abingdon Engl. févr, 2013.

T. G. Veenema and K. Schroeder-bruce, The aftermath of violence: children, disaster, and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Pediatr Health Care Off Publ Natl Assoc Pediatr Nurse Assoc Pract, vol.16, pp.235-279, 2002.

A. Null, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescents: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Intervention, Adolesc Med Phila Pa. juin, vol.6, issue.2, pp.251-70, 1995.

N. Breslau, H. C. Wilcox, C. L. Storr, V. C. Lucia, and J. C. Anthony, Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: a study of youths in urban America, J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med. déc, vol.81, issue.4, pp.530-574, 2004.

J. C. Ballenger, J. R. Davidson, Y. Lecrubier, D. J. Nutt, E. B. Foa et al.,

, Consensus statement on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety, J Clin Psychiatry, vol.61, 2000.

M. Martin, A. Marchand, R. Boyer, and N. Martin, Predictors of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder among police officers, J Trauma Dissociation Off J Int Soc Study Dissociation ISSD, 2009.

R. Yehuda, Risk and resilience in posttraumatic stress disorder, J Clin Psychiatry

C. R. Marmar, S. E. Mccaslin, T. J. Metzler, S. Best, D. S. Weiss et al., Predictors of posttraumatic stress in police and other first responders, Ann N Y Acad Sci. juill, vol.1071, pp.1-18, 2006.

Y. Auxéméry, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a consequence of the interaction between an individual genetic susceptibility

. L'encephale, O. Hart, J. M. Van-ochten, M. Van-son, K. Steele et al.,

, Relations among peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: a critical review, J Trauma Dissociation Off J Int Soc Study Dissociation ISSD, vol.9, issue.4, pp.481-505, 2008.

R. A. Bryant, Early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry. 1 mai

R. Coronas, O. Gallardo, M. J. Moreno, D. Suárez, G. García-parés et al., Heart rate measured in the acute aftermath of trauma can predict post-traumatic stress disorder: a prospective study in motor vehicle accident survivors, Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr, vol.26, issue.8, pp.508-520, 2011.

E. Van-meijel, M. R. Gigengack, E. Verlinden, A. Van-der-steeg, and J. C. Goslings,

F. W. Bloemers, Long-Term Posttraumatic Stress Following Accidental Injury in Children and Adolescents: Results of a 2-4-Year Follow-Up Study, J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 28 mars, 2019.

K. Truss, C. Godfrey, M. Takagi, F. E. Babl, S. Bressan et al., Trajectories and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms following Pediatric Concussion, J Neurotrauma, vol.15, issue.14, pp.2272-2281, 2017.

R. A. Bryant, Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, J Clin Psychiatry. févr, vol.72, issue.2, pp.233-242, 2011.

C. R. Brewin, B. Andrews, and J. D. Valentine, Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults, J Consult Clin Psychol, vol.68, issue.5, pp.748-66, 2000.

G. Li, L. Wang, C. Cao, R. Fang, X. Cao et al., Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and executive dysfunction among children and adolescents: A Latent Profile Analysis, Int J Clin Health Psychol IJCHP. sept, vol.19, issue.3, pp.228-264, 2019.

S. Mghaieth, S. Othman, A. Bouden, and M. B. Halayem, État de stress post-traumatique chez l'enfant : sémiologie et comorbidité. L'Encéphale. 1 sept, vol.33, pp.598-602, 2007.

P. T. Ackerman, J. E. Newton, W. B. Mcpherson, J. G. Jones, and R. A. Dykman, Prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children (sexual, physical, and both), Child Abuse Negl. août, vol.22, issue.8, pp.759-74, 1998.

J. Brown, P. Cohen, J. G. Johnson, and E. M. Smailes, Childhood abuse and neglect: specificity of effects on adolescent and young adult depression and suicidality, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. déc, vol.38, issue.12, pp.1490-1496, 1999.

G. Vila, L. M. Porche, and M. Mc, An 18-month longitudinal study of posttraumatic disorders in children who were taken hostage in their school, Psychosom Med. ! '%! déc, vol.61, issue.6, pp.746-54, 1999.

J. A. Cohen, O. Bukstein, H. Walter, S. R. Benson, A. Chrisman et al.,

, Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. avr, vol.49, issue.4, pp.414-444, 2010.

N. Laor, L. Wolmer, L. C. Mayes, G. A. Weizman, R. Cohen et al., Israeli preschool children under Scuds: a 30-month follow-up, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. mars

E. Monson, J. Caron, K. Mccloskey, and A. Brunet, Longitudinal analysis of quality of life across the trauma spectrum, Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. sept, vol.9, issue.5, pp.605-617, 2017.

K. Krysinska and D. Lester, Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide risk: a systematic review, Arch Suicide Res Off J Int Acad Suicide Res, vol.14, issue.1, pp.1-23, 2010.

R. C. Kessler, Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society

, J Clin Psychiatry, vol.61, 2000.

J. B. Lohr, B. W. Palmer, C. A. Eidt, S. Aailaboyina, B. T. Mausbach et al., Is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Associated with Premature Senescence? A Review of the Literature, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry Off J Am Assoc Geriatr Psychiatry. juill

S. Rosenbaum, B. Stubbs, P. B. Ward, Z. Steel, O. Lederman et al., The prevalence and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components among people with posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Metabolism. août

H. Turniansky, D. Ben-dor, A. Krivoy, A. Weizman, and G. Shoval, A history of prolonged in adolescent female inpatients -A naturalistic study, Child Abuse Negl, vol.98, p.104222, 2019.

J. Westbrook and H. Berenbaum, Emotional Awareness Moderates the Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptom Factors, J Clin Psychol. juill, vol.73, issue.7, pp.910-931, 2017.

T. E. Andersen, M. Hansen, S. L. Ravn, R. Seehuus, M. Nielsen et al., Psychometric analysis of the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5) among treatment-seeking military service members, 1392!403. ! '&! 49, vol.19, pp.1365-72, 2016.

, JAMA, vol.23, issue.4, pp.354-64, 2018.

F. W. Weathers, M. J. Bovin, D. J. Lee, D. M. Sloan, P. P. Schnurr et al., The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans, Psychol Assess, vol.30, issue.3, pp.383-95, 2018.

M. A. Raskind, E. R. Peskind, B. Chow, C. Harris, A. Davis-karim et al., Trial of Prazosin for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans, N Engl J Med, vol.378, issue.6, pp.507-524, 2018.

S. Yao, J. Cottraux, I. Note, D. Mey-guillard, C. Mollard et al.,

. L'encephale, , 2003.

R. W. Stewart, C. Ebesutani, C. F. Drescher, Y. J. Child-ptsd-symptom, and . Scale,

A. M. Steinberg, M. J. Brymer, S. Kim, E. C. Briggs, C. G. Ippen et al., An Investigation of Its Psychometric Properties, J Interpers Violence, vol.32, issue.15, 2017.

, Psychometric properties of the UCLA PTSD reaction index: part I, J Trauma Stress. févr

J. B. Kaplow, B. Rolon-arroyo, C. M. Layne, E. Rooney, B. Oosterhoff et al.,

, Validation of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-5: A Developmentally Informed Assessment Tool for Youth, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 3 avr, 2019.

S. Takada, S. Kameoka, M. Okuyama, T. Fujiwara, J. Yagi et al., Feasibility and psychometric properties of the UCLA PTSD reaction index for DSM-5 in japanese youth: A multi-site study, Asian J Psychiatry. mars, vol.33, pp.93-101, 2018.

J. M. Gill, L. Saligan, S. Woods, and G. Page, PTSD is associated with an excess of inflammatory immune activities, Perspect Psychiatr Care, vol.45, issue.4, pp.262-77, 2009.

R. Yehuda and J. Ledoux, Response variation following trauma: a translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. Neuron, vol.56, pp.19-32, 2007.

D. H. Zald, The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli, Brain Res Brain Res Rev. janv, 2003.

L. M. Shin and I. Liberzon, The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders

R. Yehuda, L. C. Pratchett, M. W. Elmes, A. Lehrner, N. P. Daskalakis et al., Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. janv, vol.35, issue.1, pp.169-91, 2010.

M. Van-zuiden, E. Geuze, H. Willemen, E. Vermetten, M. Maas et al., Glucocorticoid-related predictors and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder treatment response in combat veterans. Interface Focus, vol.4, 2014.

M. Kennis, R. Sjouwerman, M. P. Van-den-heuvel, R. S. Kahn, and E. Geuze, Glucocorticoid receptor pathway components predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptom development: a prospective study, 309!16. 63. van Rooij SJH, vol.71, 2012.

, Smaller hippocampal volume as a vulnerability factor for the persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychol Med, vol.45, issue.13, pp.2737-2783, 2015.

R. A. Lanius, E. Vermetten, R. J. Loewenstein, B. Brand, C. Schmahl et al.,

, Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype, Am J Psychiatry. juin, vol.167, issue.6, pp.640-647, 2010.

R. Yehuda, S. Southwick, E. L. Giller, X. Ma, and J. W. Mason, Urinary catecholamine excretion and severity of PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans, J Nerv Ment

T. D. Geracioti, D. G. Baker, N. N. Ekhator, S. A. West, K. K. Hill et al., CSF norepinephrine concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder, Am J Psychiatry. août, vol.158, issue.8, pp.1227-1257, 2001.

D. Bellis, M. D. Lefter, L. Trickett, P. K. Putnam, and F. W. , Urinary catecholamine excretion in sexually abused girls, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. avr, vol.33, issue.3, pp.320-327, 1994.

A. Etkin and T. D. Wager, Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia, Am J Psychiatry, vol.164, issue.10, pp.1476-88, 2007.

L. M. Shin, S. L. Rauch, and R. K. Pitman, Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD, Ann N Y Acad Sci. juill, vol.1071, pp.67-79, 2006.

T. F. Giustino and S. Maren, The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in the Conditioning and Extinction of Fear, Front Behav Neurosci, vol.9, p.298, 2015.

S. T. Szabo, P. Blier, and . Serotonin, 1A) receptor ligands act on norepinephrine neuron firing through excitatory amino acid and GABA(A) receptors: a microiontophoretic study in the rat locus coeruleus, Synap N Y N. 15 déc, vol.42, issue.4, pp.203-215, 2001.

R. J. Herringa, P. Trauma, . The-developing, and . Brain, Curr Psychiatry Rep. 19 août, vol.19, issue.10, p.69, 2017.

M. Rinne-albers, N. Van-der-wee, F. Lamers-winkelman, and R. Vermeiren,

, Neuroimaging in children, adolescents and young adults with psychological trauma, Child Adolesc Psychiatry. déc, vol.22, issue.12, pp.745-55, 2013.

V. G. Carrion, C. F. Weems, and A. L. Reiss, Stress predicts brain changes in children: a pilot longitudinal study on youth stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the hippocampus, Pediatrics. mars, vol.119, issue.3, pp.509-525, 2007.

A. Tomoda, H. Suzuki, R. K. Sheu, Y. Polcari, A. Teicher et al.,

, NeuroImage. août, vol.47, issue.2, pp.66-71, 2009.

L. A. Thomas, D. Bellis, and M. D. , Pituitary volumes in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry. 1 avr, vol.55, issue.7, pp.752-760, 2004.

I. Mavranezouli, O. Megnin-viggars, C. Daly, S. Dias, S. Stockton et al., Psychological and psychosocial treatments for children and young people with posttraumatic stress disorder: a network meta-analysis, J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 17 juill, 2019.

J. A. Cohen, A. P. Mannarino, J. M. Perel, and V. Staron, A pilot randomized controlled trial of combined trauma-focused CBT and sertraline for childhood PTSD symptoms, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. juill, vol.46, issue.7, pp.811-820, 2007.

A. S. Robb, J. E. Cueva, J. Sporn, R. Yang, and D. G. Vanderburg, Sertraline treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. déc, vol.20, issue.6, pp.463-71, 2010.

R. Robert, W. J. Tcheung, L. Rosenberg, M. Rosenberg, C. Mitchell et al.,

, Treating thermally injured children suffering symptoms of acute stress with imipramine and fluoxetine: a randomized, double-blind study, Burns J Int Soc Burn Inj

S. Seedat, D. J. Stein, C. Ziervogel, T. Middleton, D. Kaminer et al.,

, Comparison of response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in children, adolescents, and adults with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol

R. Robert, P. E. Blakeney, C. Villarreal, L. Rosenberg, and W. J. Meyer, Imipramine treatment in pediatric burn patients with symptoms of acute stress disorder: a pilot study, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. juill, vol.38, issue.7, pp.873-82, 1999.

J. Davidson, D. Baldwin, D. J. Stein, E. Kuper, I. Benattia et al., Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine extended release: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol.63, pp.1158-65, 2006.

M. A. Rynn, M. A. Riddle, P. P. Yeung, and N. R. Kunz, Efficacy and safety of extended-release

J. S. March, A. R. Entusah, M. Rynn, A. M. Albano, and K. A. Tourian, venlafaxine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: two placebo-controlled trials, Am J Psychiatry. févr, vol.164, issue.2, pp.1149-54, 2007.

M. A. Hertzberg, M. E. Feldman, J. C. Beckham, S. D. Moore, and J. R. Davidson, Open trial of nefazodone for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, J Clin Psychiatry

D. A. Garfield, C. G. Fichtner, C. Leveroni, and A. Mahableshwarkar, Open trial of nefazodone for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Trauma Stress. juill

S. E. Domon and M. S. Andersen, Nefazodone for PTSD, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. août, vol.39, issue.8, pp.942-945, 2000.

M. F. Mello, M. Costa, A. F. Schoedl, and J. P. Fiks, Aripiprazole in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: an open-label trial. Rev Bras Psiquiatr Sao Paulo Braz, déc, vol.30, issue.4, pp.358-61, 1999.

G. Villarreal, L. A. Calais, J. M. Cañive, S. L. Lundy, J. Pickard et al., Prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of aripiprazole as a monotherapy in patients with severe chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: an open trial, Psychopharmacol Bull, vol.40, issue.2, pp.6-18, 2007.

S. R. Britnell, A. D. Jackson, J. N. Brown, and B. P. Capehart, Aripiprazole for Post-traumatic

, Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review, 273!8. 92. Keeshin BR, Ding Q, Presson AP, Berkowitz SJ, Strawn JR. Use of Prazosin for, vol.40, 2017.

, Pediatric PTSD-Associated Nightmares and Sleep Disturbances: A Retrospective Chart Review. Neurol Ther. déc, vol.6, issue.2, pp.247-57, 2017.

K. G. Meighen, L. A. Hines, and A. M. Lagges, Risperidone treatment of preschool children with thermal burns and acute stress disorder, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. avr, vol.17, issue.2, pp.223-255, 2007.

S. Stathis, G. Martin, and J. G. Mckenna, A preliminary case series on the use of quetiapine

D. Looff, P. Grimley, F. Kuller, M. A. Shonfield, L. Carbamazepine et al., Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. juin, vol.34, issue.6, pp.703-707, 1995.

H. Steiner, K. S. Saxena, V. Carrion, L. A. Khanzode, M. Silverman et al., Divalproex ! (+! sodium for the treatment of PTSD and conduct disordered youth: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, vol.38, pp.183-93, 2007.

M. A. Hertzberg, M. I. Butterfield, M. E. Feldman, J. C. Beckham, S. M. Sutherland et al.,

. Km, A preliminary study of lamotrigine for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry. 1 mai, vol.45, issue.9, pp.1226-1235, 1999.

A. Kishimoto, Y. Goto, and K. Hashimoto, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in a

, Female Patient Following Repeated Teasing: Treatment with Gabapentin and Lamotrigine and the Possible Role of Sensitization, Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci Off Sci J Korean Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. déc, 2014.

M. H. Brophy, Cyproheptadine for combat nightmares in post-traumatic stress disorder and dream anxiety disorder, Mil Med. févr, vol.156, issue.2, pp.100-101, 1991.

R. D. Clark, J. M. Canive, L. A. Calais, C. Qualls, R. D. Brugger et al.,

, Cyproheptadine treatment of nightmares associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Clin Psychopharmacol. oct, vol.19, issue.5, pp.486-493, 1999.

S. Gupta, A. Popli, E. Bathurst, L. Hennig, T. Droney et al., Efficacy of
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00890705

J. Difede, J. Cukor, K. Wyka, M. Olden, H. Hoffman et al., D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial, Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. avr, vol.39, issue.5, pp.1052-1060, 2014.

M. S. Scheeringa and C. F. Weems, Randomized placebo-controlled D-cycloserine with cognitive behavior therapy for pediatric posttraumatic stress, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. mars, vol.24, issue.2, pp.69-77, 2014.

C. Bentley, J. Hazeldine, C. Greig, J. Lord, and M. Foster, Dehydroepiandrosterone: a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment and rehabilitation of the traumatically injured patient, Burns Trauma, vol.7, p.26, 2019.

A. Aerni, R. Traber, C. Hock, B. Roozendaal, G. Schelling et al.,

, Low-dose cortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, Am J Psychiatry. août, vol.161, issue.8, pp.1488-90, 2004.

P. Putman and K. Roelofs, Effects of single cortisol administrations on human affect reviewed: Coping with stress through adaptive regulation of automatic cognitive processing

. Psychoneuroendocrinology and . Mai, , 2011.

J. Zohar, H. Yahalom, N. Kozlovsky, S. Cwikel-hamzany, M. A. Matar et al., High dose hydrocortisone immediately after trauma may alter the trajectory of PTSD: interplay between clinical and animal studies, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol, vol.21, issue.11, pp.796-809, 2011.

D. L. Delahanty, C. Gabert-quillen, S. A. Ostrowski, N. R. Nugent, B. Fischer et al., The efficacy of initial hydrocortisone administration at preventing posttraumatic distress in adult trauma patients: a randomized trial, CNS Spectr. avr, vol.18, issue.2, pp.103-114, 2013.

H. L. Macmillan, K. Georgiades, E. K. Duku, A. Shea, M. Steiner et al., Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project, Biol Psychiatry. 1 juill, vol.66, issue.1, pp.62-70, 2009.

C. Burcher, G. Picouto, M. D. Als, L. C. Cooper, M. Pierce et al., Posttraumatic stress after PICU and corticosteroid use, Arch Dis Child, vol.103, issue.9, pp.887-896, 2018.

A. A. Manteghi, P. Hebrani, M. Mortezania, M. B. Haghighi, and A. Javanbakht, Baclofen addon to citalopram in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2014.

R. G. Drake, L. L. Davis, M. E. Cates, M. E. Jewell, S. M. Ambrose et al., Baclofen treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder, Ann Pharmacother. sept, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1177-81, 2003.

A. Brunet, S. P. Orr, J. Tremblay, K. Robertson, K. Nader et al., Effect of postretrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder, J Psychiatr Res. mai, vol.42, issue.6, pp.503-509, 2008.

F. Taylor and L. Cahill, Propranolol for reemergent posttraumatic stress disorder following an event of retraumatization: a case study, J Trauma Stress, vol.15, issue.5, pp.433-440, 2002.

A. Brunet, D. Saumier, A. Liu, D. L. Streiner, J. Tremblay et al., Reduction of PTSD Symptoms With Pre-Reactivation Propranolol Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Am J Psychiatry, vol.175, issue.5, pp.427-460, 2018.

N. R. Nugent, N. C. Christopher, J. P. Crow, L. Browne, S. Ostrowski et al., The efficacy of early propranolol administration at reducing PTSD symptoms in pediatric injury patients: a pilot study, J Trauma Stress. avr, vol.23, issue.2, pp.282-289, 2010.

R. K. Pitman, K. M. Sanders, R. M. Zusman, A. R. Healy, F. Cheema et al., Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol, Biol Psychiatry. 15 janv, vol.51, issue.2, pp.189-92, 2002.

R. Famularo, T. Fenton, R. Kinscherff, and M. Augustyn, Psychiatric comorbidity in ! ("! childhood post traumatic stress disorder, Child Abuse Negl, vol.20, issue.10, pp.953-61, 1996.

L. J. Ney, A. Matthews, R. Bruno, and K. L. Felmingham, Cannabinoid interventions for PTSD: Where to next?, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, vol.13, pp.124-164, 2019.

C. Alamo, F. López-muñoz, and J. Sánchez-garcía, Mechanism of action of guanfacine: a postsynaptic differential approach to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd), Actas Esp Psiquiatr. mai, vol.44, issue.3, pp.107-119, 2016.

D. Datta and A. Arnsten, Loss of Prefrontal Cortical Higher Cognition with Uncontrollable Stress: Molecular Mechanisms, Changes with Age, and Relevance to Treatment, Brain Sci. 17 mai, vol.9, issue.5, 2019.

D. F. Connor, D. J. Grasso, M. D. Slivinsky, G. S. Pearson, and A. Banga, An open-label study of guanfacine extended release for traumatic stress related symptoms in children and adolescents, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. mai, vol.23, issue.4, pp.244-51, 2013.

J. P. Horrigan, Guanfacine for PTSD nightmares, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. août, vol.35, issue.8, pp.975-981, 1996.

J. P. Horrigan and L. J. Barnhill, The suppression of nightmares with guanfacine, J Clin Psychiatry. août, vol.57, issue.8, p.371, 1996.

M. R. Belkin and T. L. Schwartz, Alpha-2 receptor agonists for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder, Drugs Context, vol.4, p.212286, 2015.

J. D. Kinzie and P. Leung, Clonidine in Cambodian patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Nerv Ment Dis. sept, vol.177, issue.9, pp.546-50, 1989.

A. A. Ziegenhorn, S. Roepke, N. C. Schommer, A. Merkl, H. Danker-hopfe et al., Clonidine improves hyperarousal in borderline personality disorder with or without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized, double-blind

, J Clin Psychopharmacol. avr, 2009.

K. R. Wendell and M. L. Maxwell, Evaluation of Clonidine and Prazosin for the Treatment of

, Nighttime Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms. Fed Pract Health Care Prof VA DoD PHS, vol.32, pp.8-14, 2015.

S. Chiu and K. Campbell, Clonidine for the Treatment of Psychiatric Conditions and Symptoms: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Safety, and Guidelines

. Ottawa, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, 2018.

, CADTH Rapid Response Reports). Disponible sur

A. Alao, J. Selvarajah, and S. Razi, The use of clonidine in the treatment of nightmares among patients with co-morbid PTSD and traumatic brain injury, Int J Psychiatry Med

R. J. Harmon and P. D. Riggs, Clonidine for posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. sept, vol.35, issue.9, pp.1247-1256, 1996.

D. M. Porter and C. C. Bell, The use of clonidine in post-traumatic stress disorder, J Natl Med Assoc. août, vol.91, issue.8, pp.475-482, 1999.

L. Ye and S. Lippmann, Reduction of anxiety after treatment with transdermal clonidine

, Am J Health-Syst Pharm AJHP Off J Am Soc Health-Syst Pharm, vol.75, issue.11, pp.742-746, 2018.

L. Ye, E. Shipley, and S. Lippmann, Transdermal clonidine for mitigating posttraumaticdisorder in an ad stress olescent, Am J Health-Syst Pharm AJHP Off J Am Soc Health-Syst, 2019.

V. C. Calegaro, P. Mosele, E. Duarte, I. Souza, E. M. Da-silva et al., Treating nightmares in PTSD with doxazosin: a report of three cases. Rev Bras Psiquiatr Sao Paulo Braz, avr, vol.41, issue.2, pp.189-90, 1999.

C. Rodgman, C. D. Verrico, M. Holst, D. Thompson-lake, C. N. Haile et al., Doxazosin XL reduces symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans with PTSD: a pilot clinical trial, J Clin Psychiatry. mai, vol.77, issue.5, pp.561-565, 2016.

S. Roepke, H. Danker-hopfe, D. Repantis, B. Behnia, F. Bernard et al.,

, Doxazosin, an ?-1-adrenergic-receptor Antagonist, for Nightmares in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and/or Borderline Personality Disorder: a Chart Review, Pharmacopsychiatry. janv, vol.50, issue.1, pp.26-31, 2017.

C. Smith and M. M. Koola, Evidence for Using Doxazosin in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Psychiatr Ann, 2016.

D. Jong, J. Wauben, P. Huijbrechts, I. Oolders, H. Haffmans et al., Doxazosin treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder, J Clin Psychopharmacol. févr, vol.30, issue.1, pp.84-89, 2010.

P. Simon and P. Rousseau, Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders with the Alpha-1 Adrenergic Antagonist Prazosin, Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr

B. Singh, A. J. Hughes, G. Mehta, P. J. Erwin, and A. K. Parsaik, Efficacy of Prazosin in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 28 juill, vol.18, issue.4, 2016.

P. Glue and Y. Barak, Prazosin for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, N Engl J Med, vol.26, issue.17, p.1649, 2018.

S. H. Waltman, D. Shearer, and B. A. Moore, Management of Post-Traumatic Nightmares: a ! ($! Review of Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments Since, Curr Psychiatry Rep, vol.11, issue.12, p.108, 2013.

Z. Brkanac, J. F. Pastor, and M. Storck, Prazosin in PTSD, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. avr, vol.42, issue.4, pp.384-389, 2003.

L. A. Fraleigh, V. D. Hendratta, J. D. Ford, and D. F. Connor,

A. Akinsanya, R. Marwaha, and R. R. Tampi, Prazosin in Children and Adolescents With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Who Have Nightmares: A Systematic Review, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2017.

P. R. Racin, C. Bellonci, and D. Coffey, Expanded usage of prazosin in pre-pubertal

O. O. Oluwabusi, K. Sedky, and D. S. Bennett, Prazosin treatment of nightmares and sleep disturbances associated with posttraumatic stress disorder: two adolescent cases, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, vol.22, issue.5, pp.399-402, 2012.

J. R. Strawn, M. P. Delbello, and T. D. Geracioti, Prazosin treatment of an adolescent with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. oct, vol.19, issue.5, pp.599-600, 2009.

J. R. Strawn, B. R. Keeshin, M. P. Delbello, T. D. Geracioti, and F. W. Putnam,

, Psychopharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: a review, J Clin Psychiatry. juill, vol.71, issue.7, pp.932-973, 2010.

M. R. Nadorff, K. K. Lambdin, and A. Germain, Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for nightmare disorder, 225!36. ! (%! Annexes Annexe 1 : UCLA PTSD Reaction Index, vol.26, 2014.

, E3 : je suis à l'affût du danger ou de choses dont j'ai peur (comme regarder par-dessus mon

, C2 : j'essaie d'éviter les personnes, les lieux, les choses qui me rappellent ce qui s'est passé 4 E1 : je m'énerve facilement ou me dispute ou me bagarre facilement

, B3 : j'ai l'impression de revenir au moment où la mauvaise chose est arrivée, comme si ça se produisait à nouveau

, D4 : j'ai l'impression que ce qui est arrivé est écoeurant ou dégoûtant

, D5 : je n'ai pas l'envie de faire les choses avec ma famille, mes amis ou d'autres choses que j'aimais faire avant

, B4 : quand quelque chose me rappelle ce qui est arrivé, je suis contrarié

, C1 : j'essaie de ne pas penser ou de ne pas avoir de sentiments concernant ce qui s'est passé 14 B5 : quand quelque chose me rappelle ce qui s'est passé, j'ai des sensations fortes dans mon corps comme mon coeur qui bat vite, ma tête ou mon ventre qui fait mal 15 D3 : je suis en colère contre une personne pour avoir fait arriver la mauvaise chose

, D6 : je me sens seul même quand je suis avec d'autres personnes 18 B1 : j'ai des pensées, images et sons énervants de ce qui s'est passé qui viennent dans ma tête même quand je ne veux pas 19 D3 : j'ai l'impression que ce qui est arrivé est en partie ma faute 20 E2 : je me blesse exprès 21 E6 : j'ai du mal à aller me coucher, me réveille souvent ou ai du mal à m'endormir 22 D4 : je me sens honteux et embarrassé de ce qui s'est passé 23 D1 : j'ai du mal à me souvenir des parties importantes de ce qui, D2 : j'ai des pensées comme « je ne pourrai plus faire confiance à d'autres personnes, vol.17

, E2 : j'ai fais des choses risquées ou dangereuses qui pourraient vraiment me blesser moi ou quelqu

, Annexe, vol.3

L. , Absence de symptômes. 81 -90 : Symptômes absents ou minimes (p. ex., anxiété légère avant un examen), fonctionnement satisfaisant dans tous les domaines, intéressé et impliqué dans une grande variété d'activités, socialement efficace, en général satisfait de la vie, pas plus de problèmes ou de préoccupations que les soucis de tous les jours (p. ex., conflit occasionnel avec des membres de la famille) 71 -80 : Si des symptômes sont présents, ils sont transitoires et il s'agit de réactions prévisibles à des facteurs de stress (p. ex., des difficultés de concentration après une dispute familiale) ; pas plus qu'une altération légère du fonctionnement social, Quelques symptômes légers (p. ex., humeur dépressive et insomnie légère) ou une certaine difficulté dans le fonctionnement social, professionnel ou scolaire (p. ex., école buissonnière épisodique ou vol en famille) mais fonctionne assez bien de façon générale et entretient plusieurs relations interpersonnelles positives. 51 -60 : Symptômes d'intensité moyenne, pp.61-70

, -50 : Symptômes importants (p. ex., idéation suicidaire, rituels obsessionnels sévères, vols répétés dans les grands magasins) ou altération importante du fonctionnement social

, Existence d'une certaine altération du sens de la réalité ou de la communication (p. ex., discours par moments illogique, obscur ou inadapté) OU déficience majeure dans plusieurs domaines, p. ex., le travail, l'école, les relations familiales, le jugement, la pensée ou l'humeur (p. ex., un homme déprimé évite ses amis, néglige sa famille et est incapable de ! )+! travailler ; un enfant bat fréquemment des enfants plus jeunes que lui, se montre provocant à la maison, pp.31-40

, 21 -30 : Le comportement est notablement influencé par des idées délirantes ou des hallucinations OU troubles graves de la communication ou du jugement (p.ex., parfois incohérent, actes grossièrement inadaptés, préoccupation suicidaire) OU incapable de fonctionner dans presque tous les domaines (p. ex

, Existence d'un certain danger d'auto ou d'hétéro-agression (p. ex., tentative de suicide sans attente précise de la mort, violence fréquente, excitation maniaque) OU incapacité temporaire à maintenir une hygiène corporelle minimale (p. ex., se barbouille d'excréments) OU altération massive de la communication, pp.11-20

, Danger persistant d'auto ou d'hétéro-agression grave (p. ex., accès répétés de, vol.10

, ESPT) est un trouble psychiatrique fréquent en population adulte et pédiatrique, dont la prévalence en France est estimée à 0,7%. Un traitement médicamenteux s'avère souvent nécessaire dans le cas de cette pathologie

. Actuellement, existe pas de recommandations en matière de thérapeutique médicamenteuse de l'ESPT pédiatrique, les études portant sur ce sujet sont peu nombreuses et les options thérapeutiques restent limitées

L. , est de plus en plus étudié dans cette pathologie et semblent montrer une bonne tolérance et une efficacité significative, particulièrement sur les cauchemars et les troubles du sommeil, et ce, quel que soit l'âge du patient. Ce travail de thèse a pour but de présenter, à travers l'étude d'une série de cas ayant été hospitalisés sur l'unité d'hospitalisation de psychiatrie de l

, Centre Hospitaliser du Rouvray, l'utilisation de la Prazosine et de son intérêt dans la prise en charge des cauchemars et des troubles du sommeil de l'ESPT pédiatrique

, Au vu de l'amélioration symptomatologique des patients, la Prazosine semble être un traitement pertinent dans les cas d'ESPT de l'enfant et de l'adolescent mais d'autres études sont nécessaires afin de poursuivre l'évaluation de son efficacité

, Mots-clés : état de stress post-traumatique, enfant, adolescent, cauchemars, troubles du sommeil