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I. Supplementary, Ecopath outputs Parameters of the Ecopath models (values in bold were estimated by Ecopath). TL: Trophic level (dimensionless)

, Table 1: Population, statewide density (deer/km2), and area (km2) where present of deer during 1982 and 2003 by state.

. P/b,

. Q/b,

, EE: ecotrophic efficiency (dimensionless)

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