D. C. Angus, W. T. Linde-zwirble, J. Lidicker, G. Clermont, J. Carcillo et al., Epidemiology 419 of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit 420 Care Med, vol.29, pp.1303-1310, 2001.

E. Rivers, B. Nguyen, and S. Havstad, Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe 422 sepsis and septic shock, N Engl J Med, vol.345, pp.1368-1377, 2001.

A. F. Shorr, S. T. Micek, E. C. Welch, J. A. Doherty, R. M. Reichley et al., Inappropriate 424 antibiotic therapy in Gram-negative sepsis increases hospital length of stay, Crit Care Med, vol.425, issue.1, pp.46-51, 2011.

M. H. Kollef, G. Sherman, S. Ward, and V. J. Fraser, Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: 427 a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients, Chest, vol.115, issue.2, pp.462-474, 1999.

M. J. Schwaber, S. Navon-venezia, K. S. Kaye, R. Ben-ami, D. Schwartz et al., Clinical and 430 Economic Impact of Bacteremia with Extended-Spectrum-?-Lactamase-Producing 431

. Enterobacteriaceae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.50, issue.4, 2006.

A. Galar, J. Leiva, M. Espinosa, F. Guillén-grima, S. Hernáez et al., Clinical and economic 434 evaluation of the impact of rapid microbiological diagnostic testing, Journal of Infection, vol.435, issue.4, pp.302-309, 2012.

M. De-kraker, V. Jarlier, J. Monen, O. E. Heuer, N. Van-de-sande et al., The 437 changing epidemiology of bacteraemias in Europe: trends from the European Antimicrobial 438 Resistance Surveillance System, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.19, issue.9, pp.860-868, 2013.

G. Dubourg, B. Lamy, and R. Ruimy, Rapid phenotypic methods to improve the diagnosis of 443 bacterial bloodstream infections: meeting the challenge to reduce the time to result, Clin Microbiol 444 Infect, vol.24, issue.9, p.10, 2018.

L. Simon, E. Ughetto, A. Gaudart, N. Degand, R. Lotte et al., Direct Identification of 80 446 Percent of Bacteria from Blood Culture Bottles by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time 447 of Flight Mass Spectrometry Using a 10-Minute Extraction Protocol, J Clin Microbiol, vol.57, issue.2, p.448, 2019.

A. Vlek, M. Bonten, and C. Boel, Direct Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization 450 Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Improves Appropriateness of Antibiotic Treatment of Bacteremia

, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.3, p.12, 2012.

T. Huang, E. Melnik, P. Bogaerts, S. Evrard, and Y. Glupczynski, Evaluation of the ePlex Blood 453 Culture Identification Panels for Detection of Pathogens in Bloodstream Infections, J Clin Microbiol, vol.454, issue.2, 2019.

B. Pilmis, M. Thy, and J. Diep, Performance of rapid antimicrobial susceptibility 463 testing by disk diffusion on MHR-SIR agar directly on urine specimens, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.464, 2013.

. Dis, , vol.38, pp.185-189, 2019.

M. B. Coyle, L. A. Mcgonagle, J. J. Plorde, C. R. Clausen, and F. D. Schoenknecht, Rapid antimicrobial 466 susceptibility testing of isolates from blood cultures by direct inoculation and early reading of disk 467 diffusion tests, J Clin Microbiol, vol.20, issue.3, pp.473-477, 1984.

G. V. Doern, D. R. Scott, A. L. Rashad, and K. S. Kim, Evaluation of a direct blood culture disk diffusion 469 antimicrobial susceptibility test, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.20, issue.5, pp.696-698, 1981.

D. L. Wegner, C. R. Mathis, and T. R. Neblett, Direct Method to Determine the Antibiotic Susceptibility 471 of Rapidly Growing Blood Pathogens, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.9, issue.5, pp.861-862, 1976.

D. Fay and J. E. Oldfather, Standardization of direct susceptibility test for blood cultures, J Clin, vol.473

. Microbiol, , vol.9, pp.347-350, 1979.

E. Jonasson, E. Matuschek, and G. Kahlmeter, The EUCAST rapid disc diffusion method for 475 antimicrobial susceptibility testing directly from positive blood culture bottles, J Antimicrob 476 Chemother, vol.75, issue.4, pp.968-978, 2020.

J. M. Sherman, G. E. Holm, and W. R. Albus, Salt Effects in Bacterial Growth, J Bacteriol, vol.478, issue.6, pp.583-588, 1922.

M. Eveillard, C. Lemarié, and J. Cottin, Assessment of the usefulness of performing bacterial 480 identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing 24 h a day in a clinical microbiology laboratory

P. Morency-potvin, D. N. Schwartz, and R. A. Weinstein, Chirio D, Ruimy R. The clinical impact of an around the clock processing of blood cultures, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.16, issue.8, pp.381-407, 2010.

J. H. Jorgensen, Selection criteria for an antimicrobial susceptibility testing system, Journal of 487 Clinical Microbiology, vol.31, issue.11, pp.2841-2844, 1993.

B. Lamy, S. Dargère, M. C. Arendrup, J. Parienti, and P. Tattevin, How to Optimize the Use of Blood Cultures for the Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections? A State-of-the Art, Front Microbiol, vol.7, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01326367

C. M. Torio and R. M. Andrews, National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs, 2006.

D. C. Angus, W. T. Linde-zwirble, J. Lidicker, G. Clermont, J. Carcillo et al., Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care, Crit Care Med, vol.29, issue.7, pp.1303-1310, 2001.

D. F. Gaieski, J. M. Edwards, M. J. Kallan, and B. G. Carr, Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States, Crit Care Med, vol.41, issue.5, pp.1167-1174, 2013.

T. J. Iwashyna, C. R. Cooke, H. Wunsch, and J. M. Kahn, The Population Burden of Long-Term Survivorship after Severe Sepsis Among Older Americans, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.60, issue.6, pp.1070-1077, 2012.

C. Rhee, S. Gohil, and M. Klompas, Regulatory Mandates for Sepsis Care -Reasons for Caution

, N Engl J Med, vol.370, issue.18, pp.1673-1676, 2014.

R. P. Dellinger, M. M. Levy, and A. Rhodes, Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012, Crit Care Med, vol.41, issue.2, pp.580-637, 2013.

E. Rivers, B. Nguyen, and S. Havstad, Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock, N Engl J Med, vol.345, pp.1368-1377, 2001.

V. X. Liu, V. Fielding-singh, and J. D. Greene, The Timing of Early Antibiotics and Hospital Mortality in Sepsis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.196, issue.7, pp.856-863, 2017.

L. Simon, E. Ughetto, A. Gaudart, N. Degand, L. R. et al., , p.80

, Percent of Bacteria from Blood Culture Bottles by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Using a 10-Minute Extraction Protocol, J Clin Microbiol, vol.57, issue.2, 2019.

A. F. Shorr, S. T. Micek, E. C. Welch, J. A. Doherty, R. M. Reichley et al., Inappropriate antibiotic therapy in Gram-negative sepsis increases hospital length of stay, Crit Care Med

, , vol.39, pp.46-51

M. H. Kollef, G. Sherman, S. Ward, and V. J. Fraser, Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients, Chest, vol.115, issue.2, pp.462-474, 1999.

M. J. Schwaber, S. Navon-venezia, K. S. Kaye, R. Ben-ami, D. Schwartz et al., Clinical and Economic Impact of Bacteremia with Extended-Spectrum-?-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.50, issue.4, pp.1257-1262, 2006.

A. Galar, J. Leiva, M. Espinosa, F. Guillén-grima, S. Hernáez et al., Clinical and economic evaluation of the impact of rapid microbiological diagnostic testing, Journal of Infection

, , vol.65, pp.302-309

M. De-kraker, V. Jarlier, J. Monen, O. E. Heuer, N. Van-de-sande et al., The changing epidemiology of bacteraemias in Europe: trends from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.19, issue.9, pp.860-868, 2013.

G. Dubourg, B. Lamy, and R. Ruimy, Rapid phenotypic methods to improve the diagnosis of bacterial bloodstream infections: meeting the challenge to reduce the time to result, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.24, issue.9, pp.935-943, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01910313

A. Vlek, M. Bonten, and C. Boel, Direct Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Improves Appropriateness of Antibiotic Treatment of Bacteremia, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.3, 2012.

T. Huang, E. Melnik, P. Bogaerts, S. Evrard, and Y. Glupczynski, Evaluation of the ePlex Blood Culture Identification Panels for Detection of Pathogens in Bloodstream Infections, J Clin Microbiol, vol.57, issue.2, 2019.

B. Pilmis, M. Thy, and J. Diep, Performance of rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion on MHR-SIR agar directly on urine specimens, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, vol.38, issue.1, pp.185-189, 2013.

M. B. Coyle, L. A. Mcgonagle, J. J. Plorde, C. R. Clausen, and F. D. Schoenknecht, Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates from blood cultures by direct inoculation and early reading of disk diffusion tests, J Clin Microbiol, vol.20, issue.3, pp.473-477, 1984.

G. V. Doern, D. R. Scott, A. L. Rashad, and K. S. Kim, Evaluation of a direct blood culture disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.20, issue.5, pp.696-698, 1981.

D. L. Wegner, C. R. Mathis, and T. R. Neblett, Direct Method to Determine the Antibiotic Susceptibility of Rapidly Growing Blood Pathogens, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.9, issue.5, pp.861-862, 1976.

D. Fay and J. E. Oldfather, Standardization of direct susceptibility test for blood cultures, J Clin Microbiol, vol.9, issue.3, pp.347-350, 1979.

E. Jonasson, E. Matuschek, and G. Kahlmeter, The EUCAST rapid disc diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing directly from positive blood culture bottles, J Antimicrob Chemother, vol.75, issue.4, pp.968-978, 2020.

J. M. Sherman, G. E. Holm, and W. R. Albus, Salt Effects in Bacterial Growth, J Bacteriol

M. Eveillard, C. Lemarié, and J. Cottin, Assessment of the usefulness of performing bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing 24 h a day in a clinical microbiology laboratory, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.16, issue.8, pp.1084-1089, 2010.

P. Morency-potvin, D. N. Schwartz, and R. A. Weinstein, Antimicrobial Stewardship: How the Microbiology Laboratory Can Right the Ship, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.30, issue.1, pp.381-407, 2017.

J. H. Jorgensen, Selection criteria for an antimicrobial susceptibility testing system, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.31, issue.11, pp.2841-2844, 1993.