X. Bibliographie, Une problématique des débuts de la carrière en enseignement 2, «relation médecin malade en soins primaires, pp.1-4, 2003.

J. Lecomte, Empathie et ses effets, 2010.

C. Darwin, The expression of the emotions in man and animals

R. Alexander, The Evolution of Social Behavior, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.5, issue.1, 1974.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001545

. Strayer, Empathy and its development

R. Gaucher, La psychologie positive (ou l'étude scientifique du meilleur de nous même). L'Harmattan, 2010.

D. Vignemont, F. Singer, and T. , The empathic brain: how, when and why ? Trends in Cogn Sci, pp.435-476, 2006.

N. Eisenberg and A. S. Morris, The origins and social significance of empathy-related responding, Social Justice Research, vol.14, issue.1, pp.95-120, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1012579805721

M. L. Hoffman, Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511805851

T. L. Chartrand and J. A. Bargh, The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.76, issue.6, pp.893-910, 1999.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893

J. L. Lakin, V. E. Jefferis, C. M. Cheng, and T. L. Chartrand, The Chameleon Effect as Social Glue: Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Nonconscious Mimicry, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol.27, issue.3, pp.145-162, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1025389814290

R. Vischer, Über das optische Formgefühl, ein Beitrag zur Ästhetik (Le sentiment optique de la forme, contribution à l'esthétique), Thèse 1873

M. L. Hoffman, Development of Prosocial Motivation: Empathy and Guilt, Development of Prosocial Behavior, pp.281-313, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-234980-5.50016-X

C. D. Batson, The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer, 1991.

A. I. Goldman and . Consciousness, Consciousness, Folk Psychology, and Cognitive Science, Consciousness and Cognition, vol.2, issue.4, pp.364-382, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/ccog.1993.1030

A. Vetlesen, « Perception, empathy, and judgment: An inquiry into the preconditions of moral performance, 1994.

N. «. Eisenberg, Emotion, Regulation, and Moral Development, Annual Review of Psychology, vol.51, issue.1, pp.665-697, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665

S. D. Preston, F. De-waal, and . Empathy, Its ultimate and proximate bases, Behav Brain Sci. Feb, vol.25, issue.1, pp.1-20, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/s0140525x02000018

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.554.2794

M. Hojat, Physician Empathy: Definition, Components, Measurement, and Relationship to Gender and Specialty, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.159, issue.9, pp.1563-1572, 2002.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1563

S. Baron-cohen and S. Wheelwright, The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation Of Adults With Asperger Syndrome Or High Functioning

K. Glaser, Relationships between scores on the Jefferson Scale of physician empathy, patient perceptions of physician empathy, and humanistic approaches to patient care: a validity study, Medical Science Monitor, vol.13, issue.7, 2007.

C. Permanente-de-la-médecine-générale and L. Velluet, Le champ de la subjectivité, Editoo.com, 2002.

S. Consoli, Relation médecin-malade. EMC référence, pp.15-35, 2004.

B. Michalec, Learning to cure, but learning to care? Advances in Health Sciences Education, pp.109-139, 2010.

T. Extrait-de and . Parsons, Éléments pour une sociologie de l'action, introduction et traduction de F. Bourricaud, pp.197-238, 1955.

J. Pages, Influence du stage ambulatoire de niveau 1 sur l'identité et les projets professionnels des internes en médecine générale [Thèse d'exercice]. 2010. 41. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter

J. Brami, Haute autorité de Santé. EPP infos n°22. Février, 2008.

M. L. Vannotti, empathie dans la relation médecin-patient. Cahiers critiques de thérapie familiale et de pratiques de réseaux, p.213, 2002.
DOI : 10.3917/ctf.029.0213

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=CTF_029_0213

L. Ministère-de, . Santé, and . Des, Hôpital, patients, santé, territoires

P. Frappe, C. Attali, and Y. Matillon, Socle historique des référentiels métier et compétences en médecine générale, Exercer, vol.91, pp.41-47, 2010.

R. Epstein, Defining and Assessing Professional Competence, JAMA, vol.287, issue.2
DOI : 10.1001/jama.287.2.226

J. Bernard and P. Reyes, Apprendre en médecine

J. Tardif, Pour un enseignement stratégique : l'apport de la psychologie cognitive. Montréal : Logique, 1992.

J. Tardif, L'évaluation des compétences. Montréal : éditions de la Chenelière, 2006.

J. Allen, B. Gay, . Crebolder, J. Heyrman, I. Svab et al., The European definitions of the key features of the discipline of general practice : the role of the GP and core competencies, Br J Gen Pract, vol.52, pp.526-533, 2002.

C. West and T. Shanafelt, The influence of personal and environmental factors on professionalism in medical education, BMC Medical Education, vol.322, issue.10 Suppl, p.29, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.322.7281.252

H. Szasz-ts and . Mh, A Contribution to the Philosophy of medicine, A.M.A. Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.97, issue.5
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.1956.00250230079008

A. Moreau, R. Boussageon, and P. Girier, Sophie Figon Efficacité thérapeutique de " l'effet médecin " en soins primaires

M. Stewart, Effective-physician patient communication and health outcomes: a review, CMAJ, vol.152, pp.1423-1456, 1995.

F. Girandola, Persuasion et santé publique

. Environnement and . De-vie, Paris : In press, pp.121-160, 2002.

S. Kim, S. Kaplowitz, and M. Johnston, The Effects of Physician Empathy on Patient Satisfaction and Compliance, Evaluation & the Health Professions, vol.10, issue.3, pp.237-51, 2004.
DOI : 10.1177/0163278704267037

D. Frans, B. Jozien, and L. Antoine, Effectiveness of empathy in general practice. A systematic review

F. Zenasni, E. Boujut, A. Woerner, and S. Sultan, Burnout and empathy in primary care: three hypotheses, British Journal of General Practice, vol.62, issue.600, pp.346-347, 2012.
DOI : 10.3399/bjgp12X652193

H. Kataoka, N. Koide, K. Ochi, M. Hojat, and J. Gonnella, Measurement of Empathy Among Japanese Medical Students: Psychometrics and Score Differences by Gender and Level of Medical Education, Academic Medicine, vol.84, issue.9, pp.1192-1199, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181b180d4

D. Lillo, M. Cicchetti, A. Scalzo, A. Taroni, F. Hojat et al., The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Preliminary Psychometrics and Group Comparisons in Italian Physicians, Academic Medicine, vol.84, issue.9, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181b17b3f

T. Shanafelt, C. West, X. Zhao, P. Novotny, J. Kolars et al., Relationship between increased personal well-being and enhanced empathy among, Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol.14, issue.7, pp.559-64, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11606-005-0102-8

C. Buffel and . Vaure, Déterminants de l'empathie clinique des médecins généralistes et de leur pratique, thèse pour le doctorat en médecine, 2011.

M. G. Goldstein, Impact of communication training on physician expression of empathy in patient encounters, pp.3-10, 2009.

H. Riess, J. Kelley, R. Bailey, P. Konowitz, and S. Gray, Improving Empathy and Relational Skills in Otolaryngology Residents, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, vol.21, issue.1
DOI : 10.1177/0194599810390897

M. W. Kraus, S. Cote, and D. Keltner, Social Class, Contextualism, and Empathic Accuracy, Psychological Science, vol.21, issue.11, pp.1716-1726, 2010.
DOI : 10.1177/0956797610387613

S. Carmel, Compassionate-empathic physicians: Personality traits and social-organizational factors that enhance or inhibit this behavior pattern, Social Science & Medicine, vol.43, issue.8
DOI : 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00445-9

C. Ouzouni and K. Nakakis, An exploratory study of student nurses' empathy, Health Science Journal, vol.6, issue.3, pp.534-52, 2012.

M. Magee, An empirical study of decline in empathy in medical school. Med Educ, pp.934-975, 2004.

L. Roberts, T. Warner, C. Moutier, C. Geppert, G. Hammond et al., Are Doctors Who Have Been Ill More Compassionate? Attitudes of Resident Physicians Regarding Personal Health Issues and the Expression of Compassion in Clinical Care, Psychosomatics, vol.52, issue.4, pp.367-74, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.psym.2011.01.042

R. Martin, . Wirtz, . Markus, . Woopen, . Christiane et al., Empathy decline and its reasons: A systematic review of studies with medical students and residents, Journal of Medical Education, 20120319.

E. B. Larson and X. Yao, The Patient-Physician Relationship: Clinical Empathy as Emotional Labor in the Patient-Physician Relationship

V. Fine and M. Therrien, Empathy in the doctor-patient relationship, MENS0753287A.htm 82, 1977.
DOI : 10.1097/00001888-197709000-00005

E. Marin, . Enseigner-l-'empathie, . En, and . Medecine, Revue de la littérature et propositions d'outils pédagogiques, 2011.

R. Aggarwal and N. Guanci, Teaching empathy during clerkship and residency. Academyc Psychiatry, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s40596-014-0113-z

H. Riess, Can empathy be taught . Medscape, 2013.

S. Wahnich, Enquêtes quantitatives et qualitatives, observation ethnographique. Trois méthodes d'approche des publics, 2006.

A. Griffin and J. Hauser, The Voice of the Customer, Marketing Science, vol.12, issue.1, pp.1-27, 1993.
DOI : 10.1287/mksc.12.1.1

G. Guest, A. Bunce, and L. Johnson, How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 2006.

P. Madern, La de?sirabilite?socialede?sirabilite?de?sirabilite?sociale a-t-elle un effet sur la motivation au changement des personnes en cours de sentence ? Rapport de stage pre?senteá?pre?senteá? la Faculte?desFaculte?des Arts et des Sciences en vue de l'obtention du grade de Mai? trise (M.Sc.) en criminologie

M. Herbert, Que se passe-t-il lorsque les répondants à un questionnaire tentent de deviner l'objectif de recherche ? Le biais du répondant : conceptualisation, mesure et étude d'impact, Actes du Congrès de l'AFM, 2007.

A. Mahé, Les méthodes qualitatives, intérêt et limites, 2002.

F. Richard, Les erreurs en m??decine : pourquoi et comment en parler ?, Revue d'??pid??miologie et de Sant?? Publique, vol.53, issue.3
DOI : 10.1016/S0398-7620(05)84610-3

J. Chabot, Décision Médicale : des théories pour des pratiques, La Revue du praticien, vol.47, pp.877-878, 1997.

G. Gateshill, K. Kucharska-pietura-ans, and J. Wattis, Attitudes towards mental disorders and emotional empathy in mental health and other healthcare professionals. The psychiatric bulletin, 2011.

M. Kinget and C. Rogers, Psychothérapie et relations humaines, pp.146-306, 1962.

J. Halpern, What is clinical empathy?, Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol.30, issue.8, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.21017.x

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1494899

C. Brazeau, R. Schroeder, S. Rovi, and L. Boyd, Relationships Between Medical Student Burnout, Empathy, and Professionalism Climate, Academic Medicine, vol.85, pp.33-36, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181ed4c47

D. Truchot, N. Roncari, and D. Bantégnie, [Burnout patient, compliance and psychological withdrawal among GPs: an exploratory study] Burn out, compliance du patient et retrait psychologique chez les médecins généralistes : une étude exploratoire. L'encéphale, pp.48-53, 2011.

T. Shanafelt, K. Bradley, J. Wipf, and A. Back, Burnout and Self-Reported Patient Care in an Internal Medicine Residency Program, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.136, issue.5, pp.358-67, 2002.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-136-5-200203050-00008

P. Carré and F. Fenouillet, Traité de psychologie de la motivation
DOI : 10.3917/dunod.carre.2009.01