N. Molodecky, I. Soon, D. Rabi, W. Ghali, M. Ferris et al., Increasing Incidence and Prevalence of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases With Time, Based on Systematic Review, Gastroenterology, vol.142, issue.1, pp.46-54, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001

M. Economou, E. Zambeli, and S. Michopoulos, Incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease and its etiological influences. Ann Gastroenterol, pp.158-67, 2009.

B. R. Sartor and . Nature, Mechanisms of Disease: pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol.124, issue.7, pp.390-407, 2006.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.170.8.3939

J. Burisch, N. Pedersen, S. Cukovic-cavka, N. Turk, I. Kaimakliotis et al., Environmental factors in a population-based inception cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients in Europe ??? An ECCO-EpiCom study, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.8, issue.7, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.11.021

C. Donnellan, L. Yann, and S. Lal, Nutritional management of Crohn's disease. Ther Adv Gastroenterol, pp.231-273, 2013.

J. Hugot and J. Viala, Physiopathologie de la maladie de Crohn : l'indispensable pour le clinicien ? FMC-HGE post, 2015.

B. Sands, From symptom to diagnosis: clinical distinctions among various forms of intestinal inflammation, Gastroenterology, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1518-1550, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.02.072

T. Burgmann, C. I. Graff, L. Walker, J. Lix, L. Rawsthorne et al., The Manitoba Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study: Prolonged Symptoms Before Diagnosis???How Much Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.4, issue.5, pp.614-634, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.03.003

D. Fefferman and R. Farrell, Endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: Indications, surveillance, and use in clinical practice, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.11-24, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00441-0

G. Van-assche, A. Dignass, J. Panes, L. Beaugerie, J. Karagiannis et al., The second European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: Definitions and diagnosis, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.4, issue.1, pp.7-27, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crohns.2009.12.003

C. Gower-rousseau, Epidémiologie des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de lIntestin en France : apport du registre EPIMAD [Internet] [phdthesis]. Université du Droit et de la Santé -Lille II Available from: https

K. Thia, W. Faubion, E. Loftus, T. Persson, A. Persson et al., Short CDAI: Development and validation of a shortened and simplified Crohn??s disease activity index, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.17, issue.1, pp.105-116, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/ibd.21400

R. Harvey and J. Bradshaw, A SIMPLE INDEX OF CROHN'S-DISEASE ACTIVITY, The Lancet, vol.315, issue.8167, p.514, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92767-1

J. Mendoza and M. Abreu, Biological markers in inflammatory bowel disease: Practical consideration for clinicians, Gastroent??rologie Clinique et Biologique, vol.33, pp.158-173, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-8320(09)73151-3

B. Alibrahim, M. Aljasser, and B. Salh, Fecal Calprotectin Use in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Beyond: A Mini-Review, Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.29, issue.3, pp.157-63
DOI : 10.1155/2015/950286

E. Wills, D. Jonkers, P. Savelkoul, A. Masclee, M. Pierik et al., Fecal Microbial Composition of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn???s Disease Patients in Remission and Subsequent Exacerbation, PLoS ONE, vol.52, issue.3, p.90981, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0090981.s010

K. Stawczyk-eder, P. Eder, L. Lykowska-szuber, I. Krela-kazmierczak, K. Klimczak et al., Is faecal calprotectin equally useful in all Crohn???s disease locations? A prospective, comparative study, Archives of Medical Science, vol.2, issue.2, pp.353-61, 2015.
DOI : 10.5114/aoms.2014.43672

J. F. Colombel, C. A. Solem, W. J. Sandborn, F. Booya, E. V. Loftus et al., Quantitative measurement and visual assessment of ileal Crohn's disease activity by computed tomography enterography: correlation with endoscopic severity and C reactive protein, Gut, vol.55, issue.11, pp.1561-1567, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.084301

M. Boudiaf, P. Soyer, C. Terem, . Jp-pelage, . Kardache et al., Complications abdominales de la maladie de Crohn: aspects TDM, Journal de Radiologie, vol.81, pp.11-18, 2000.

K. Yoon, K. Chang, and H. Lee, MRI for Crohn's Disease: Present and Future, BioMed research International, Aticle ID 786802, 2015.

K. Horsthuis, S. Bipat, R. Bennink, and J. Stoker, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosed with US, MR, Scintigraphy, and CT: Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies, Radiology, vol.247, issue.1, 2008.
DOI : 10.1148/radiol.2471070611

P. Rutgeerts, W. Reinisch, J. Colombel, W. Sandborn, D. Haens et al., Agreement of site and central readings of ileocolonoscopic scores in Crohn's disease: comparison using data from the EXTEND trial, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol.83, issue.1, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gie.2015.06.018

B. Pariente, J. Cosnes, S. Danese, W. Sandborn, M. Lewin et al., Development of the Crohn??s disease digestive damage score, the L??mann score, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.17, issue.6, pp.1415-1437, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/ibd.21506

D. Haens, G. Geboes, K. Peeters, M. Baert, F. Penninckx et al., Early lesions of recurrent Crohn's disease caused by infusion of intestinal contents in excluded ileum, Gastroenterology, vol.114, issue.2, pp.262-269, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70476-7

G. Olaison, K. Smedh, and R. Sjödahl, Natural course of Crohn's disease after ileocolic resection: endoscopically visualised ileal ulcers preceding symptoms., Gut, vol.33, issue.3, pp.331-336, 1992.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.33.3.331

J. Satsangi, M. Silverberg, S. Vermeire, and J. Colombel, The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications, Gut, vol.55, issue.6, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.082909

E. Louis, A. Collard, A. Oger, E. Degroote, F. Yafi et al., Behaviour of Crohn's disease according to the Vienna classification: changing pattern over the course of the disease, Gut, vol.49, issue.6, pp.777-82, 2001.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.49.6.777

K. Thia, W. Sandborn, W. Harmsen, A. Zinsmeister, and E. Loftus, Risk Factors Associated With Progression to Intestinal Complications of Crohn's Disease in a Population-Based Cohort, Gastroenterology, vol.139, issue.4, pp.1147-55, 2010.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.070

C. Klotz, M. Dhooge, A. Oudjit, M. Barret, F. Beuvon et al., Prise en charge de la maladie de Crohn. Presse Médicale, pp.411-418, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.028

H. Malchow, K. Ewe, J. Brandes, H. Goebell, H. Ehms et al., European Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment, Gastroenterology. Feb, vol.86, issue.2, pp.249-66, 1984.

R. Summers, D. Switz, T. Sessions, . Jr, J. Becktel et al., National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: results of drug treatment, Gastroenterolgy, vol.77, issue.4, pp.847-69, 1979.

Y. Bouhnik, Manifestations extradigestives des maladies inflammatoires chroniques intestinales. Rev Médecine Interne, Supplement, vol.27, issue.2, pp.51-54, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.revmed.2006.03.017

P. Rutgeerts, R. Löfberg, H. Malchow, C. Lamers, G. Olaison et al., A Comparison of Budesonide with Prednisolone for Active Crohn's Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.331, issue.13, pp.842-847, 1994.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199409293311304

. Petit-manuel-de-pharmacovigilance, 1.4 -Profils d'effets indésirables de médicaments immunodépresseurs, Rev Prescrire, vol.31338, pp.308-318364, 2011.

E. Lerebours and G. Savoye, La maladie de Crohn corticod??pendante, Gastroent??rologie Clinique et Biologique, vol.28, issue.5, pp.194-201, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-8320(04)95004-X

R. Caprilli, E. Angelucci, A. Cocco, A. Viscido, V. Annese et al., Appropriateness of immunosuppressive drugs in inflammatory bowel diseases assessed by RAND method: Italian Group for IBD (IG-IBD) position statement. Dig Liver Dis Off J Ital Soc Gastroenterol Ital Assoc Study Liver, pp.407-424, 2005.

S. Targan, S. Hanauer, S. Van-deventer, L. Mayer, D. Present et al., A Short-Term Study of Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody cA2 to Tumor Necrosis Factor ?? for Crohn's Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.337, issue.15, pp.1029-1064, 1997.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199710093371502

J. William, S. Sandborn, . Hanauer, V. Edward, . Loftus et al., An Open-Label Study of the Human Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody Adalimumab in Subjects with Prior Loss of Response or Intolerance to Infliximab for Crohn's Disease : The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1984.

J. Zochling, D. Van-der-heijde, M. Dougados, and J. Braun, Current evidence for the management of ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic literature review for the ASAS/EULAR management recommendations in ankylosing spondylitis, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.65, issue.4, pp.423-455, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2005.041129

W. Sandborn, B. Feagan, P. Rutgeerts, S. Hanauer, J. Colombel et al., Vedolizumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.369, issue.8, pp.711-732, 2013.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1215739

J. Macdonald, T. Nguyen, R. Khanna, and A. Timmer, Anti-IL-12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, p.7572, 201625.

S. Baik and W. Kim, A Comprehensive Review of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Focusing on Surgical Management, Journal of the Korean Society of Coloproctology, vol.28, issue.3, pp.121-152
DOI : 10.3393/jksc.2012.28.3.121

A. Scott and . Stron, Surgical management of Crohn's disease -Surgical Treatment Evidence based and problem, 2001.

X. Hébuterne, J. Filippi, A. , R. Schneider, and S. , Nutritional consequences and nutrition therapy in Crohn's disease, Gastroent??rologie Clinique et Biologique, vol.33, pp.235-244, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-8320(09)73159-8

A. Lucendo, D. Rezende, and L. , Importance of nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.15, issue.17, pp.2081-2089, 2009.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.15.2081

C. Hartman, R. Eliakim, and R. Shamir, Nutritional status and nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.15, issue.21, pp.2570-2578, 2009.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.15.2570

M. Roulet, M. Cheseaux, and P. Coti, Conséquences de la dénutrition chez l'enfant et l'adolescent. Mortalité, morbidité, conséquences médicoéconomiques. Nutr Clin Métabolisme, pp.207-220, 2005.

J. Zhao, J. Dong, J. Gong, H. Wang, Y. Li et al., Impact of enteral nutrition on energy metabolism in patients with Crohn???s disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.21, issue.4, pp.1299-304, 2015.
DOI : 10.3164/jcbn.09-55

A. Lucendo, D. Rezende, and L. , Importance of nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.15, issue.17, pp.2081-2089, 2009.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.15.2081

E. Moreau, V. Bresson, E. Bosdure, J. Sarles, and M. Coste, Infections of central venous catheters in home parenteral nutrition: a retrospective monocentric study over 2 years]. Arch Pédiatrie Organe Off Sociéte Fr Pédiatrie, pp.571-579, 2014.

D. Goéré and A. Cunha, Assistance nutritionnelle parent??rale et ent??rale (hors immunonutrition), Journal de Chirurgie Visc??rale, vol.152, issue.1, pp.8-14, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1878-786X(15)30003-6

M. Neuman and R. Nanau, Inflammatory bowel disease: role of diet, microbiota, life style, Translational Research, vol.160, issue.1, pp.29-44
DOI : 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.09.001

J. Triantafillidis, C. Vagianos, A. Papalois, J. Triantafillidis, C. Vagianos et al., The Role of Enteral Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Aspects, The Role of Enteral Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Aspects, BioMed Res Int BioMed Res Int, p.197167, 2015.

C. Wall, A. Day, and R. Gearry, Use of exclusive enteral nutrition in adults with Crohn???s disease: A review, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.19, issue.43, pp.7652-60, 2013.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7652

D. Royall, K. Jeejeebhoy, J. Baker, J. Allard, F. Habal et al., Comparison of amino acid v peptide based enteral diets in active Crohn's disease: clinical and nutritional outcome., Gut, vol.35, issue.6, pp.783-790, 1994.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.35.6.783

I. Modulen, Commission nationale pour l'évaluation des dispositifs médicaux et des technologies de santé, 2009.

N. Kaakoush, A. Day, S. Leach, D. Lemberg, S. Nielsen et al., Effect of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition on the Microbiota of Children With Newly Diagnosed Crohn's Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, p.71, 2015.

L. Nahidi, S. Leach, H. Mitchell, N. Kaakoush, D. Lembreg et al., Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapies and Gut Function in a Colitis Mouse Model, BioMed Research International, vol.135, issue.1, p.909613, 2013.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-135-1-200107030-00010

S. Kansal, J. Wagner, C. Kirkwood, A. Catto-smith, S. Kansal et al., Enteral Nutrition in Crohn's Disease: An Underused Therapy, Enteral Nutrition in Crohn’s Disease: An Underused Therapy, Gastroenterol Res Pract Gastroenterol Res Pract, p.482108, 2013.

F. González-huix, R. De-león, F. Fernández-bañares, M. Esteve, E. Cabré et al., Polymeric enteral diets as primary treatment of active Crohn's disease: a prospective steroid controlled trial., Gut, vol.34, issue.6, pp.778-82, 1993.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.34.6.778

D. Present, Review article: the efficacy of infliximab in Crohn's disease - healing of fistulae, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.13, issue.s4, pp.23-28, 1999.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199905063401804

J. Colombel, D. Schwartz, W. Sandborn, M. Kamm, D. Haens et al., Adalimumab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease, Gut, vol.58, issue.7, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2008.159251

S. Men, O. Akhan, and M. Köro?lu, Percutaneous drainage of abdominal abcess, European Journal of Radiology, vol.43, issue.3, pp.204-222, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0720-048X(02)00156-0

S. Buderus, D. Scholz, R. Behrens, M. Classen, D. Laffolie et al., Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pediatric Patients. Dtsch Ärztebl Int, Feb, vol.112, issue.8, pp.121-128, 2015.

T. Johnson, S. Macdonald, S. Hill, A. Thomas, and M. Murphy, Treatment of active Crohn's disease in children using partial enteral nutrition with liquid formula: a randomised controlled trial, Gut, vol.55, issue.3, pp.356-61, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2004.062554

F. Hirai, H. Ishihara, S. Yada, M. Esaki, T. Ohwan et al., Effectiveness of Concomitant Enteral Nutrition Therapy and Infliximab for Maintenance Treatment of Crohn???s Disease in Adults, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.45, issue.5, pp.1329-1363, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00535-009-0136-5

H. Duncan, E. Buchanan, T. Cardigan, V. Garrick, L. Curtis et al., A retrospective study showing maintenance treatment options for paediatric CD in the first year following diagnosis after induction of remission with EEN: supplemental enteral nutrition is better than nothing!, BMC Gastroenterology, vol.29, issue.4 Suppl, p.50, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/01486071050290S4S173

Y. Kang, S. Kim, S. Kim, and H. Koh, Effect of Short-Term Partial Enteral Nutrition on the Treatment of Younger Patients with Severe Crohn's Disease, Gut and Liver, vol.9, issue.1, pp.87-93
DOI : 10.5009/gnl13345

A. Griffiths, A. Ohlsson, P. Sherman, and L. Sutherland, Meta-analysis of enteral nutrition as a primary treatment of active crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, vol.108, issue.4, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90203-1

A. Weimann, M. Braga, L. Harsanyi, A. Laviano, O. Ljungqvist et al., ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including Organ Transplantation, Clinical Nutrition, vol.25, issue.2, pp.224-268, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.015

M. Senkai, V. Zumbtobel, K. Bauer, B. Marpe, G. Wolfram et al., Outcome and cost-effectiveness of perioperative enteral immunonutrition in patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: a prospective randomised study, Achives of Surgery, pp.1309-1325, 1999.

P. Kabata, T. Jastrz?bski, M. K?kol, K. Król, M. Bobowicz et al., Preoperative nutritional support in cancer patients with no clinical signs of malnutrition--prospective randomized controlled trial. Support Care Cancer Off J Multinatl Assoc Support Care Cancer, Feb, vol.23, issue.2, pp.365-70, 2015.

G. Van-assche, A. Dignass, W. Reinisch, C. Janneke-van-der-woode, A. Sturm et al., The second European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: Special situations | Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, pp.63-101, 2010.

A. Gutierrez, H. Lee, and B. Sands, Outcome of Surgical Versus Percutaneous Drainage of Abdominal and Pelvic Abscesses in Crohn's Disease, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.163, issue.10, pp.2283-2292, 2006.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.163.1.3823434

P. Gionchetti, A. Dignass, S. Danese, M. Dias, F. José et al., 3rd European Evidence-based Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn???s Disease 2016: Part 2: Surgical Management and Special Situations, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.11, issue.2, pp.135-184
DOI : 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw169

E. Louis, . Boverie, . Dewit, M. D. Baert, G. D. Vos et al., Treatment of small bowel subocclusive Crohn's disease with infliximab: an open pilot study, Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica, vol.70, issue.1, pp.15-19, 2007.

A. Pelletier, B. Kalisazan, J. Wienckiewicz, N. Bouarioua, and J. Soulé, Infliximab treatment for symptomatic Crohn's disease strictures, Almentar Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Feb, vol.129, issue.3, pp.279-85, 2009.

Y. Bouhnik, F. Carbonnel, D. Laharie, C. Stefanescu, X. Hébuterne et al., Efficacy of adalimumab in patients with Crohn's disease and symptomatic small bowel stricture: a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort (CREOLE) study. Gut, 2016.

C. Thienpont, D. Hoore, A. Vermeire, S. Demedts, I. Bisschops et al., Long-term outcome of endoscopic dilatation in patients with Crohn's disease is not affected by disease activity or medical therapy, Gut, vol.59, issue.3, pp.320-324, 2010.

A. Rubio, B. Pigneur, H. Garnier-lengliné, C. Talbotec, J. Schmitz et al., The efficacy of exclusive nutritional therapy in paediatric Crohn???s disease, comparing fractionated oral vs. continuous enteral feeding, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.50, issue.Suppl, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10620-005-2864-6

C. Hartman, D. Berkowitz, B. Weiss, R. Shaoul, A. Levine et al., Nutritional supplementation with polymeric diet enriched with transforming growth factor-beta 2 for children with Crohn's disease, Isr Med Assoc J IMAJ, vol.10, issue.7, pp.503-510, 2008.

A. Rubio, B. Pigneur, H. Garnier-lengliné, C. Talbotec, J. Schmitz et al., The efficacy of exclusive nutritional therapy in paediatric Crohn???s disease, comparing fractionated oral vs. continuous enteral feeding, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.50, issue.Suppl, pp.1332-1341, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10620-005-2864-6

G. Song, X. Tian, H. Liang, L. Yi, J. Zhou et al., Role of Enteral Immunonutrition in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Gastric Cancer Medicine (Baltimore) [Internet] Available from, 2015.

J. Fell, M. Paintin, F. Arnaud-battandier, R. Beattle, A. Hollis et al., Mucosal healing and a fall in mucosal proinflammatory cytokine mRNA induced by a specific oral polymeric diet in paediatric Crohn's disease, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, pp.281-290, 2000.

K. Teahon, P. Smethurst, M. Pearson, A. Levi, and I. Bjarnason, The effect of elemental diet on intestinal permeability and inflammation in Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, vol.101, issue.1, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90463-U

C. Prantera, F. Zannoni, M. Scribano, E. Berto, A. Andreoli et al., An antibiotic regimen for the treatment of active Crohn's disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial of metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin, Am J Gastroenterol. Feb, vol.91, issue.2, pp.328-360, 1996.

O. Nitzan, M. Elias, A. Peretz, and W. Saliba, Role of antibiotics for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.22, issue.3, pp.1078-87, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.09.002

A. Ramadas, S. Gunesh, G. A. Thomas, G. Williams, and A. Hawthorne, Natural history of Crohn's disease in a population-based cohort from Cardiff (1986-2003): a study of changes in medical treatment and surgical resection rates, Gut, vol.59, issue.9, pp.1200-1206, 2010.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2009.202101