M. K. Salminen, S. Tynkkynen, and H. Rautelin, Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland, Clin Infect Dis, vol.35, pp.1155-1160, 2002.

M. Rautio, H. Jousimies-somer, and H. Kauma, Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG, Clin Infect Dis, vol.28, pp.1159-1160, 1999.

A. Mackay, M. Taylor, C. Kibbler, H. Miller, and J. , Lactobacillus endocarditis caused by a probiotic microorganism, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.5, pp.290-292, 1999.

J. P. Cannon, T. A. Lee, J. T. Bolanos, and L. H. Danziger, Pathogenic relevance of Lactobacillus: a retrospective review of over 200 cases, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, vol.24, pp.31-40, 2005.

C. Moubareck, F. Gavini, L. Vaugien, M. J. Butel, and F. Doucet-populaire, Antimicrobial susceptibility of bifidobacteria, J Antimicrob Chemother, vol.55, pp.38-44, 2005.

J. S. Zhou, C. J. Pillidge, P. K. Gopal, and H. S. Gill, Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of new probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, Int J FoodMicrobiol, vol.98, issue.2, pp.211-218, 2005.

B. H. Chaiken, Yogurt and autoimmune liver disease, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.89, pp.1916-1917, 1994.

B. R. Goldin, S. L. Gorbach, M. Saxelin, S. Barakat, L. Gualtieri et al., Survival of Lactobacillus species (strain GG) in human gastrointestinal tract, Dig Dis Sci, vol.37, pp.121-128, 1992.

M. Alander, R. Satokari, R. Korpela, M. Saxelin, T. Vilpponen-salmela et al., Persistence of colonization of human colonic mucosa by a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, after oral consumption, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.65, pp.351-354, 1999.

M. Saxelin, T. Pessi, and S. Salminen, Fecal recovery following oral administration of Lactobacillus strain GG (ATCC 53103) in gelatine capsules to healthy volunteers, Int J Food Microbiol, vol.25, pp.199-203, 1995.

J. Ballongne, Bifidobacteria and probiotic action in Lactic acid bacteria, pp.357-428, 1993.

P. Pochart, P. Marteau, Y. Bouhnik, I. Goderel, P. Bourlioux et al., Survival of Bifidobacteria ingested via fermented milk during their passage through the human small intestine: an in vivo study using intestinal perfusion, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.55, pp.78-80, 1992.

Y. Bouhnik, P. Pochart, P. Marteau, G. Arlet, I. Goderel et al., Fecal recovery in humans of viable Bifidobacterium sp ingested in fermented milk, Gastroenterology, vol.102, pp.875-878, 1992.

P. Marteau, P. Pochart, Y. Bouhnik, and J. C. Rambaud, The fate and effects of transiting, nonpathogenic microorganisms in the human intestine, World Rev Nutr Diet, vol.74, pp.1-21, 1993.

P. Pochart, O. Dewit, J. F. Desjeux, and P. Bourlioux, Viable starter culture, betagalactosidase activity, and lactose in duodenum after yogurt ingestion in lactase-deficient humans, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.49, pp.828-831, 1989.

L. Petterson, W. Graf, and V. Sevelin, Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDO 1748 in the human gastro-intestinal tract. Nutrition and Intestinal flora, Symp. Swed. Nutr. Found. XV. Almqvist and Wiksell, pp.127-130, 1985.

A. Mercenier, H. Muller-alouf, and C. Grangette, Lactic acid bacteria as live vaccines, Curr Issues Mol Biol, vol.2, pp.17-25, 2000.

L. G. Bermudez-humaran, P. Langella, A. Miyoshi, A. Gruss, R. T. Guerra et al., Production of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein in Lactococcus lactis, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.68, pp.917-922, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01123018

S. Drouault, C. Juste, P. Marteau, P. Renault, and G. Corthier, Oral treatment with Lactococcus lactis expressing Staphylococcus hyicus lipase enhances lipid digestion in pigs with induced pancreatic insufficiency, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.68, pp.3166-3168, 2002.

T. Vesa, P. Pochart, and P. Marteau, Pharmacokinetics of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8826, Lactobacillus fermentum KLD, and Lactococcus lactis MG 1363 in the human gastrointestinal tract, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.14, pp.823-828, 2000.

H. Blehaut, J. Massot, G. W. Elmer, and R. H. Levy, Disposition kinetics of Saccharomyces boulardii in man and rat, Biopharm Drug Dispo, vol.10, pp.353-64, 1989.

G. W. Elmer, L. V. Mcfarland, C. M. Surawicz, L. Dankos, and R. N. Greenberg, Behavior of Saccharomyces boulardii in recurrent healthy human volunteers, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.13, pp.1663-1671, 1999.

E. Isolauri, P. V. Kirjavainen, and S. Salminen, Probiotics: a role in the treatment of intestinal infection and inflammation? Gut, vol.50, pp.54-59, 2002.

G. R. Gibson and M. B. Roberfroid, Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics, Journal of Nutrition, vol.125, pp.1401-1412, 1995.

T. Mitsuoka, Intestinal flora and aging (1992), Nut Rev, vol.50, pp.438-446

M. J. Hopkins, R. Sharp, and G. T. Macfarlane, Age and disease related changes in intestinal bacterial populations assessed by cell culture, 16S rRNA abundance, and community cellular fatty acid profiles, Gut, vol.48, pp.198-205, 2001.

R. I. Mackie, A. Sghir, and H. R. Gaskins, Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.69, pp.1035-1045, 1999.

J. G. Magalhaes, I. Tattoli, and S. E. Girardin, The intestinal epithelial barrier: How to distinguish between the microbial flora and pathogens, Semin Immunol, vol.19, pp.106-115, 2007.

G. Chauviere, M. H. Coconnier, S. Kerneis, A. Darfeuille-michaud, B. Joly et al., Competitive exclusion of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells by heat killed Lactobacillus, FEMS Microbial Lett, vol.70, pp.213-217, 1992.

J. Boekhorst, Q. Helmer, M. Kleerebezem, and R. J. Siezen, Comparative analysis of proteins with a mucus-binding domaine found exclusively in lactic acid bacteria, Microbiology, vol.152, pp.273-280, 2006.

D. Czerucka, S. Dahan, B. Mograbi, and B. Rossi, Saccharomyces boulardii preserves the barrier function and modulates the signal transduction pathway induced in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-infected T84 cells, Infect Immun, vol.68, issue.10, pp.5998-6004, 2000.

N. Aatouri and D. Lemonnier, Production of interferon induced by Streptococcus thermophilus: role of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, Nutr Biochem, vol.8, pp.25-31, 1997.

D. Simone, C. Bianchi-salvadori, B. Negri, M. Ferrazzi, M. Baldinelli et al., The adjuvant effect of yoghurt on production of gamma-interferon by Con A Stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes, Nutr Rep Int, vol.33, pp.419-433, 1986.

L. Pelto, E. Isolauri, E. M. Lilius, J. Nuutila, and S. Salminen, Probiotic bacteria down-regulate the milk-induced inflammatory response in milk-hypersensitive subjects but have an immunostimulatory effect in healthy subjects, Clin Exp Allergy, vol.28, pp.1474-1479, 1998.

B. Solis-pereyra and D. Lemonnier, Induction of human cytokines by bacteria used in dairy foods, Nutr Res, vol.13, pp.1127-1140, 1993.

K. Arunachalam, H. S. Gill, and R. K. Chandra, Enhancement of natural immune function by dietary consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019), Eur J Clin Nutr, vol.54, pp.263-267, 2000.

Y. H. Sheih, B. L. Chiang, L. H. Wang, C. K. Liao, and H. S. Gill, Systemic immunity-enhancing effects in healthy subjects following dietary consumption of the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, J Am Coll Nutr, vol.20, pp.149-156, 2001.

S. Blum, D. Haller, A. Pfeifer, and E. J. Schiffrin, Probiotics and immune response, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, vol.22, pp.287-309, 2002.
DOI : 10.1385/criai:22:3:287

M. Kaila, E. Isolauri, H. Arvilommi, and T. Vesikari, Viable versus inactivated Lactobacillus strain GG in acute Rotavirus diarrhoea, Arch Dis Child, vol.72, pp.51-53, 1995.
DOI : 10.1136/adc.72.1.51

URL : https://adc.bmj.com/content/72/1/51.full.pdf

E. Isolauri, J. Joensuu, H. Suomalainen, M. Luomala, and T. Vesikari, Improved immunogenicity of oral D x RRV reassortant Rotavirus vaccine by Lactobacillus casei GG, Vaccine, vol.13, pp.310-312, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0264-410x(95)93319-5

H. Link-amster, F. Rochat, K. Y. Saudan, O. Mignot, and J. M. Aeschlimann, Modulation of a specific humoral immune response and changes in intestinal flora mediated through fermented milk intake, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, vol.10, pp.55-63, 1994.

S. L. Gorbach, J. G. Banwell, and B. Jacobs, Intestinal microflora in Asiatic cholera. I, J infect Dis, vol.121, pp.32-37, 1970.

K. Fujita, M. Kalu, and Y. Yanagase, Physicochemical characteristics and flora of diarrhoeal and recovery faeces in children with acute gastro-enteritis in Kenya, Ann Trop Paediatr, vol.10, pp.339-345, 1990.

M. J. Albert, P. Bhat, D. Rajan, P. P. Maiya, S. M. Pereira et al., Faecal flora of South Indian infants and young children in health and with acute gastroenteritis, J Med Microbiol, vol.11, pp.137-143, 1978.

D. Gaon, H. Garcia, L. Winter, N. Rodriguez, R. Quintas et al., Effect of Lactobacillus strains and Saccharomyces boulardii on persistent diarrhea in children, Medicina (B Aires), vol.63, issue.4, pp.293-298, 2003.

H. Szajewska and J. Z. Mrukowicz, Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, vol.33, issue.2, pp.17-25, 2001.

C. W. Van-niel, C. Feudtner, M. M. Garrison, and D. A. Christakis, Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarhea in children: a meta-analysis, Pediatrics, vol.109, issue.4, pp.678-684, 2002.

. Huang, Efficacity of probiotic uses in acute diarrhea in children a meta-analysis. Digestive diseases and sciences, vol.47, pp.2625-2634, 2002.

S. J. Allen, E. G. Martinez, G. V. Gregorio, and L. F. Dans, Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010.
DOI : 10.1590/s1516-31802011000300012

URL : http://www.scielo.br/pdf/spmj/v129n3/12.pdf

G. Cetina-sauri, S. Basto, and G. , Evaluation thérapeutique de Saccharomyces boulardii chez des enfants souffrant de diarrhée aiguë, Ann Pediatr, vol.41, pp.397-400, 1994.

W. Höchter, D. Chase, and G. Hagenhoff, Saccharomyces boulardii in treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published radomized, double mind, placebo-controlled trials, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, vol.33, pp.17-25, 2001.

H. Szajewska, A. Skórka, and M. Dylag, Meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii for treating acute diarrhoea in children, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.25, issue.3, pp.257-264, 2007.

H. Szajewska, M. Kotowska, J. Z. Mrukowicz, M. Armanska, and W. Mikolajczyk, Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in prevention of nosocomial diarrhea in infants, J Pediatr, vol.138, issue.3, pp.361-365, 2001.

E. Mastretta, P. Longo, A. Laccisaglia, L. Balbo, R. Russo et al., Effect of Lactobacillus GG and breast-feeding in the prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, vol.35, pp.527-531, 2002.

C. A. Pedone, C. C. Arnaud, E. R. Postaire, C. F. Bouley, and P. Reinert, The effect of supplementation with milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei (strain DN-114 001) on acute diarrhoea in children attending day care centres, Int J Clin Pract, vol.53, issue.3, pp.179-184, 1999.

C. A. Pedone, C. C. Arnaud, E. R. Postaire, C. F. Bouley, and P. Reinert, Multicentric study of the effect of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei on the incidence of diarrhoea, Int J Clin Pract, vol.54, issue.9, pp.568-571, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00294328

H. Thibault, C. Aubert-jacquin, and O. Goulet, Effects of long-term consumption of a fermented infant formula (with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) on acute diarrhea in healthy infants, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, vol.39, issue.2, pp.147-152, 2004.

Z. Weizman, G. Asli, and A. Alsheikh, Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents, Pediatrics, vol.115, pp.5-9, 2005.

J. D. Tempe, A. L. Steidel, H. Blehaut, M. Hasselmann, P. Lutun et al., Prévention par Saccharomyces boulardii des diarrhées de l'alimentation entérale à débit continu, Sem Hop (Paris), vol.59, pp.1409-1412, 1983.

M. Schlotterer, P. Bernasconi, F. Lbreton, and D. Wassermann, Intérêt de Saccharomyces boulardii dans la tolérance digestive de la nutrition entérale à débit continu chez le brûlé, Nutr Clin Metabol, vol.1, pp.31-34, 1987.

G. Bleichner, H. Bléhaut, H. Mentec, and D. Myse, Saccharomyces boulardii prevents diarrhea in critically ill tube-fed patients. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebocontrolled trial, Intensive Care Med, vol.23, pp.517-523, 1997.

. Moreau and V. Gaboriau-routhiau, Influence of resident intestinal microflora on the development and functions of the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue, Microb Ecol Health Dis, vol.13, pp.65-86, 2001.

P. R. Marteau, M. De-vrese, C. J. Cellier, and J. Schrezenmeir, Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.73, issue.2, pp.430-436, 2001.

H. Kollaritsch, H. Holst, and P. Grobara, Prophylaxe der reisediarrhöe mit Saccharomyces boulardii, Forst Chr Med, vol.111, pp.152-156, 1993.

D. Souza, A. L. Rajkumar, C. Cooke, J. Bulpitt, and C. J. , Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis, BMJ, vol.8, issue.7350, p.1361, 2002.

F. Cremonini, D. Caro, S. Nista, E. C. Bartolozzi, F. Capelli et al., Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.16, issue.8, pp.1461-1467, 2002.

C. M. Swawicz, G. W. Elmer, and P. Speelman, Prevention of beta lactam associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii: a prospective study, Gastroenteerology, vol.96, pp.981-988, 1989.

L. V. Mc-farland, C. M. Swawicz, and R. N. Greenberg, Prevention of beta lactam associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii compared with placebo, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.90, pp.439-448, 1995.

J. Adam, A. Barret, and C. Barret-bellet, Essais cliniques contrôlés en double insu de l'Ultralevure ® lyophilisé : étude multicentrique de 388 cas par 25 médecins, Gaz Med Fr, vol.84, pp.2072-2078, 1977.

L. V. Mc-farland, C. M. Surawicz, R. N. Greenberg, R. Fekety, G. W. Elmer et al., A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease, JAMA, vol.271, issue.24, pp.1913-1918, 1994.

C. M. Surawicz, L. V. Mcfarland, R. N. Greenberg, M. Rubin, R. Fekety et al., The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii, Clin Infect Dis, vol.31, issue.4, pp.1012-1017, 2000.

J. P. Buts, G. Corthier, and M. Delmée, Saccharomyces boulardii for Clostridium difficileassociated enterocolopathies in infants, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, vol.16, pp.419-425, 1993.

S. L. Gorbach, T. W. Chang, and B. Goldin, Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG, Lancet, vol.2, p.1519, 1987.

R. G. Bennet, S. L. Gorbach, and B. R. Goldin, Treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile diarhhea with Lactobacillus GG, Nutrition Today, vol.31, pp.35-38, 1996.

M. Tvede and J. Rask-madsen, Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in six patients, Lancet, vol.1, issue.8648, pp.1156-1160, 1989.

X. W. Gao, M. Mubasher, and C. Y. Fang, Dose-response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.105, issue.7, pp.1636-1641, 2010.

M. Probiolog and ®. ,

. Joshua-z-goldenberg, S. Y. Stephanie, J. D. Ma, . Saxton, . Mark-r-martzen et al., Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children, 2013.

F. Savino, E. Pelle, E. Palumeri, R. Oggero, and R. Miniero, Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study, Pediatrics, vol.119, issue.1, pp.124-154, 2007.

F. Savino, L. Cordisco, V. Tarasco, E. Palumeri, R. Calabrese et al., Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in infantile colic : a randomized, double-mind, placebocontrolled trial, Pediatrics, vol.126, pp.526-559, 2010.

H. Szajewska, E. Gyrczuk, and A. Horvath, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for the management of infantile colic in breastfed infants : a randomized, double-mind, placebocontrolled trial, J Pediatr, vol.162, pp.257-62, 2013.

P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello, A. Venturi, P. Brigidi, D. Matteuzzi et al., Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Gastroenterology, vol.119, issue.2, pp.305-309, 2000.

T. Mimura, F. Rizzello, U. Helwig, G. Poggioli, S. Schreiber et al., Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis, Gut, vol.53, issue.1, pp.108-114, 2004.

P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello, U. Helwig, A. Venturi, K. M. Lammers et al., Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Gastroenterology, vol.124, issue.5, pp.1202-1209, 2003.

M. Campieri, F. Rizzello, and A. Venturi, Combinationof antibiotic and probiotic treatment is efficacious in prophylaxis of post-operative recurrence of Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled study vs mesalazine, Gastroenterology, vol.118, p.4179, 2000.

A. Tursi, G. Brandimarte, and A. Papa, Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.105, issue.10, pp.2218-2245, 2010.

M. Guslandi, G. Mezzi, M. Sorghi, and P. A. Testoni, Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of crohn's disease, Dig Dis Sci, vol.45, pp.1462-1464, 2000.

I. Copaci, L. Micu, C. Chira, and R. , Maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis : mesalazine, dietary fiber, S. boulardii. Gut, vol.47, pp.240-929, 2000.

G. Dalmasso, F. Cottrez, V. Imbert, P. Lagadec, J. Peyron et al., Saccharomyces boulardii inhibe l'inflammation du côlon par séquestration de lymphocytes T dans les ganglions mésentériques. SNFGE, 2007.

W. Kruis and E. Schütz, Double blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.11, pp.853-858, 1997.

B. Rembacken, A. Snelling, and . Hawkey, Non pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of olcerative colitis: a randomized trial, Lancet, vol.354, pp.635-639, 1999.

W. Kruis, P. Fric, and M. Stolte, Maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis is equally effective with E. coli N. 1917 and with standard mesalazine, Gastroenterol, vol.120, p.139, 2001.

H. A. Malchow, Crohn's disease and Escherichia coli. A new approach in the therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn's disease ?, J Clin Gastroenterol, vol.25, pp.653-658, 1997.

M. Malin and M. Saxelin, Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG, Ann Nutr Metab, vol.40, pp.137-145, 1996.

C. Prantera, M. L. Scribano, and M. Sorghi, Inneffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn's disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG, Gut, vol.51, pp.405-409, 2002.

K. M. Lammers, A. Vergopoulos, N. Babel, P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello et al., Probiotictherapy in the prevention of pouchitis onset: decreasedInterleukin-1beta, Interleukin-8, and Interferon-gammaGene Expression, Inflamm Bowel Dis, vol.11, issue.5, pp.447-454, 2005.

K. Madsen, J. S. Doyle, L. D. Jewell, M. Tavernini, and R. N. Fedorak, Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice, Gastroenterol, vol.116, pp.1107-1114, 1999.

K. Madsen, A. Cornish, and P. Soper, Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function, Gastroenterology, vol.121, pp.580-591, 2001.

D. Giacinto, C. Marinaro, M. Sanchez, M. Strober, W. Boirivant et al., Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-beta-bearing regulatory cells, J Immunol, vol.15, issue.6, pp.3237-3246, 2005.

K. Kato, S. Mizuno, Y. Umesaki, Y. Ishii, M. Sugitani et al., Randomized placebo-controlled trialassessing the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk onactive ulcerative colitis, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.20, pp.1133-1141, 2004.

I. Ingrassia, A. Leplingard, and A. Darfeuille-michaud, Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 inhibits the abilityof adherent-invasive Escherichia coli isolated from Crohn'sdisease patients to adhere to and to invade intestinal epithelialcells, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.71, pp.2880-2887, 2005.

P. Marteau, E. Cuillerier, S. Meance, M. F. Gerhardt, A. Myara et al., Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 shortens the colonic transit time in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.16, issue.3, pp.587-593, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00294358

H. J. Kim, M. Camilleri, S. Mckinzie, M. B. Lempke, D. D. Burton et al., A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic, VSL#3, on gut transit and symptoms in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.17, issue.7, pp.895-904, 2003.

K. Niedzielin, H. Kordecki, and B. Birkenfeld, A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.13, issue.10, pp.1135-1136, 2001.

S. Nobaek, M. L. Johansson, G. Molin, S. Ahrne, and B. Jeppsson, Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.95, issue.5, pp.1231-1238, 2000.

O. 'mahony, L. Mccarthy, J. Kelly, P. Hurley, G. Luo et al., Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles, Gastroenterology, vol.128, issue.3, pp.541-51, 2005.

J. L. Maupas, P. Champemont, and M. Delforge, Traitement des colopathies fonctionnelles. Essai en double aveugle de l'Ultra-Levure, Med Chir Dig, vol.12, pp.77-79, 1983.

S. Meance, C. Cayuela, P. Turchet, A. Raimondi, C. Lucas et al., A fermented milk with a Bifidobacterium probiotic strain DN-173 010 shortened oro-fecal gut transit time in elderly, Microbial Ecol Health Dis, vol.13, pp.217-222, 2001.

S. Meance, C. Cayuela, P. Turchet, A. Raimondi, C. Lucas et al., Recent advances in the use of functional foods: effects of the commercial fermented milk with Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 and yogurt strains on gut transit time in the elderly, Microbial Ecol Health Dis, vol.15, pp.15-22, 2003.

M. Bouvier, S. Meance, C. Bouley, J. L. Berta, and C. Grimaud, Effects of consumption of a milk fermented by the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on colonic transit times in heathy humans, Bioscience Microflora, vol.20, pp.43-48, 2001.

C. Felley and P. Michetti, Probiotics and H. pylori, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, vol.17, pp.785-791, 2003.

J. Hamilton-miller, The role of probiotics in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, vol.22, issue.4, pp.360-366, 2003.

F. Canducci, A. Armuzzi, F. Cremonini, G. Cammarota, F. Bartolozzi et al., A lyophilized and inactivated culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus increases Helicobacter pylori eradication rates, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.14, issue.12, pp.1625-1629, 2000.

C. P. Felley, I. Corthesy-theulaz, J. L. Rivero, P. Sipponen, M. Kaufmann et al., Favourable effect of an acidified milk (LC-1) on Helicobacter pylori gastritis in man, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.13, issue.1, pp.25-29, 2001.

M. Gotteland and S. Cruchet, Suppressive effect of frequent ingestion of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 on Helicobacter pylori colonization in asymptomatic volunteers, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.51, pp.1317-1319, 2003.

M. Linsalata, F. Russo, P. Berloco, M. L. Caruso, G. D. Matteo et al., The influence of Lactobacillus brevis on ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine profiles in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa, Helicobacter, vol.9, issue.2, pp.165-172, 2004.

J. A. Madden, S. F. Plummer, J. Tang, I. Garaiova, N. T. Plummer et al., Effect of probiotics on preventing disruption of the intestinal microflora following antibiotic therapy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study, Int Immunopharmacol, vol.5, pp.1091-1097, 2005.

B. S. Sheu, J. J. Wu, C. Y. Lo, H. W. Wu, J. H. Chen et al., Impact of supplement with Lactobacillus-and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt on triple therapy for Helicobacter pylorieradication, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.16, pp.1669-1675, 2002.

K. Y. Wang, S. N. Li, C. S. Liu, D. S. Perng, Y. C. Su et al., Effects of ingesting Lactobacillus-and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.80, issue.3, pp.737-741, 2004.

E. Myllyluoma, L. Veijola, T. Ahlroos, S. Tynkkynen, E. Kankuri et al., Probiotic supplementation improves tolerance to Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, a placebo controlled, double-blind randomized pilot study, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.15, pp.1263-1272, 2005.

S. Cruchet, M. C. Obregon, G. Salazar, E. Diaz, and M. Gotteland, Effect of the ingestion of a dietary product containing Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 on Helicobacter pylori colonization in children, Nutrition., Sept, vol.19, issue.9, pp.716-737, 2003.

J. Sykora, K. Valeckova, J. Amlerova, K. Siala, P. Dedek et al., Effects of a specially designed fermented milk product containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 and the eradication of H. pylori in children: a prospective randomized double-blind study, J Clin Gastroenterol, vol.39, pp.692-698, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00430226

B. R. Goldin and S. L. Gorbach, Alterations of the intestinal microflora by diet, oral antibiotics, and Lactobacillus: decreased production of free amines from aromatic nitro compounds, azo dyes, and glucuronides, J Natl Cancer Inst, vol.73, pp.689-695, 1984.

S. Knasmuller, M. Zsivkovits, K. Fekadu, G. Sontag, U. Nabinger et al., Prevention of heterocyclic amine induced DNA-dainage in colon and liver rats by different lactobacilli strains, Carcinogenesis, vol.24, issue.12, pp.1913-1918, 2003.

G. Biasco, G. M. Paganelli, and B. G. , Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on rectal cell kinetics and fecal pH, 1991.

, Ital J Gastroenterol, vol.23, p.142

A. Lidbeck and C. E. Nord, Lactobacilli in relation to human ecology and antimicrobial therapy, Int. J.Tissue React, vol.13, pp.115-122, 1991.

P. Marteau, B. Flourie, P. Pochart, C. Chastang, J. Desjeux et al., Effect of the microbial lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) activity in yoghurt on the intestinal absorption of lactose: an in vivo study in lactase-deficient humans, Brit. J. Nutrition, vol.64, pp.71-79, 1990.

G. Corthier, Probiotiques : adaptation à l'environnement digestif, Cah. Nutr. Diét, vol.38, pp.355-362, 2003.

R. Coombs and P. Gell, Classification of allergic reactions responsible for clinical hypersensitivity and disease, Clinical aspects of immunology. Philadelphia:JB Lippincott, p.761

B. Bjorksen, E. Sepp, K. Julge, T. Voor, and M. Mikelsaar, Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life, J Allergy CLin Immunol, vol.108, pp.516-520, 2001.

S. Rudloff, T. Niehnes, M. Rutsch, C. Kunz, and H. Schroten, Inflammation markers and cytokines in breast-milk of atopic and non atopic women, Allergy, vol.54, pp.206-211, 1999.

H. Majamaa and E. Isolauri, Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.99, pp.179-185, 1997.

E. Isolauri, T. Arvola, Y. Sutas, E. Moilanen, and S. Salminen, Probiotics in the management of atopiceczema, Clin Exp Allergy, vol.30, issue.11, pp.1604-1610, 2000.

P. V. Kirjavainen, S. Salminen, and E. Isolauri, Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: underscoring the importance of viability, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, vol.36, pp.223-227, 2003.

P. V. Kirjavainen, T. Arvola, S. Salminen, and E. Isolauri, Aberrant composition of gut microbiota of allergic infants: a target of bifidobacterial therapy at weaning? Gut, vol.51, pp.51-55, 2002.

V. Rosenfeldt, E. Benfeldt, S. D. Nielsen, K. F. Michaelsen, D. L. Jeppesen et al., Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.111, issue.2, pp.389-395, 2003.

M. Viljanen, E. Savilahti, T. Haahtela, K. Juntunen-backman, R. Korpela et al., Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitissyndrome in infants: a double-blind placebocontrolledtrial, Allergy, vol.60, issue.4, pp.494-500, 2005.

F. Meneghin, V. Fabiano, C. Mameli, and G. V. Zuccotti, Probiotics and Atopic Dermatitis in Children, vol.5, pp.727-744, 2012.

M. Kalliomaki, S. Salminen, H. Arvilommi, P. Kero, P. Koskinen et al., Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, vol.357, issue.9262, pp.1076-1079, 2001.

M. Kalliomaki, S. Salminen, T. Poussa, H. Arvilommi, and E. Isolauri, Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease : 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, vol.361, issue.9372, pp.1869-1871, 2003.

S. Rautava, M. Kalliomaki, and E. Isolauri, Probiotics during pregnancy and breast-feeding might confer immunomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.109, issue.1, pp.119-121, 2002.

E. Isolauri, I. F. Majamaa, T. Arvola, I. Rantala, E. Virtanen et al., Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reverses increased intestinal permeability induced by cow milk in suckling rates, Gastroenterology, vol.105, pp.1643-1650, 1993.

G. Prioult, I. Fliss, and S. Pecquet, Effect of probiotic bacteria on induction and maintenance of oral tolerance to beta-lactoglobuline in gnotobiotic mice, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, vol.10, pp.787-792, 2003.

E. Pohjavuori, M. Viljanen, R. Korpela, M. Kuitunen, M. Tiittanen et al., Lactobacillus GG effect in increasing IFN-gamma production in infants with cow's milk allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.114, issue.1, pp.131-136, 2004.

T. Pessi, Y. Sutas, M. Hurme, and E. Isolauri, Interleukin-10 generation in atopic children following oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Clin Exp Allergy, vol.30, issue.12, pp.1804-1808, 2000.

M. Nermes, J. M. Kantele, T. J. Atosuo, S. Salminen, and E. Isolauri, Interaction of orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with skin and gut microbiota and humoral immunity in infants with atopic dermatitis, Clin Exp Allergy, vol.41, issue.3, pp.370-377, 2011.

T. Helin, S. Haatela, and T. Haathtela, No effect of oral treatment with an intestinal bacterial strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATC 53103), on birch-pollen allergy: a placebo-controlled double-blind study, vol.57, pp.243-246, 2002.

J. G. Wheeler, M. L. Bogle, S. J. Shema, M. A. Shirrell, K. C. Stine et al., Impact of dietary yogurt on immune function, Am J Med Sci, vol.313, pp.120-123, 1997.

M. F. Wang, H. C. Lin, Y. Y. Wang, and C. H. Hsu, Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with lactic acid bacteria, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, vol.15, pp.152-158, 2004.

A. E. Zajac, A. S. Adams, and J. H. Turner, A systematic review and meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, vol.5, issue.6, pp.524-556, 2015.

C. L. Trapp, C. C. Chang, G. M. Halpern, C. L. Keen, and M. E. Gershwin, The influence of chronic yoghurt consumption on populations of young and elderly adults, Int J Immunother, vol.9, pp.53-64, 1993.

Y. Ishida, F. Nakamura, H. Kanzato, D. Sawada, H. Hirata et al., Clinicaleffects of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 on perennialallergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlledstudy, J Dairy Sci, vol.88, pp.527-560, 2005.

F. Mastrandrea, G. Coradduzza, G. Serio, A. Minardi, M. Manelli et al., Probiotics reduce the CD34 + hemopoietic precursor cell increased traffic in allergic subjects, Allergy and Immunology, vol.36, pp.118-122, 2004.

F. Kricek, C. Ruf, M. P. Rudolf, F. Effenberger, P. Mayer et al., IgE-related peptide mimotopes. Basicstructures for anti-allergy vaccine development, Int ArchAllergy Immunol, vol.118, pp.222-223, 1999.

U. Gluck, Ingested probiotics reduce nasal colonization with pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-hemolytic streptococci), American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.77, pp.517-537, 2003.

M. De-vrese, P. Winkler, P. Rautenberg, T. Harder, C. Noah et al., Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3, B. bifidum MF 20/5 on common cold episodes: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial, Clin Nutr, vol.24, issue.4, pp.479-480, 2005.

K. Hatakka, Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial, BMJ, vol.322, p.1327, 2001.

P. Turchet, M. Laurenzano, S. Auboiron, and J. M. Antoine, Effect of fermented milk containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 on winter infections in free-living elderly subjects: a randomised, controlled pilot study, J Nutr Health Aging, vol.7, issue.2, pp.75-77, 2007.

Q. Hao, B. R. Dong, and T. Wu, Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. The Cochrane Librairy, 2015.

H. S. Jeavons, Prevention and treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis using exogenous Lactobacillus, J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, vol.32, issue.3, pp.287-296, 2003.

M. Pirotta, J. Gunn, P. Chondros, S. Grover, P. O'malley et al., Effect of Lactobacillus in preventing post-antibiotic vulvovaginal candidiasis: a randomised controlled trial, BMJ, vol.329, issue.7465, 2004.

G. Reid, A. W. Bruce, N. Fraser, C. Heineman, J. Owen et al., Oral probiotics can resolve urogenital infections, FEMS Immulol Med Microbiol, vol.30, issue.1, pp.49-52, 2001.

G. Reid, D. Charbonneau, and J. Erb, Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora : randomized, placebocontrolled trial in 64 healthy women, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, vol.35, issue.2, pp.131-134, 2003.

J. P. Lepargneur and V. Rousseau, Rôle protecteur de la flore de Doderleïn, Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.31, pp.485-494, 2002.

S. Y. Lin, J. W. Ayres, W. Winkler, and W. E. Sandine, Lactobacillus effects on cholesterol: in vitro and in vivo results, J Dairy Res, vol.72, pp.2885-2899, 1989.

G. Schaafsma, W. Meuling, W. Van-dokkum, and C. Bouley, Effects of a milk product, fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with fructo-oligosaccharides added, on blood lipids in male volunteers, Eur J Clin Nutr, vol.52, pp.436-440, 1998.

M. Agerbaek, L. U. Gerdes, and B. Richelsen, Hypocholesterolaemic effect of a new fermented milk product in healthy middle-aged men, Eur J Clin Nutr, vol.49, pp.346-352, 1995.

B. Richelsen, K. Kristensen, and S. B. Pedersen, Long-term (6 months) effect of a new fermented milk product on the level of plasma lipoproteins-a placebo-controlled and double blind study, Eur J Clin Nutr, vol.50, pp.811-815, 1996.

S. J. Lewis and S. Burmeister, A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on plasma lipids, Eur J Clin Nutr, vol.59, issue.6, pp.776-780, 2005.

J. H. Meurman, Probiotics : do they have a role in oral medecine and dentistry ?, European Journal of Oral Sciences, vol.113, issue.3, pp.188-96, 2005.

L. Näse, K. Hatakka, E. Savilahti, M. Saxelin, A. Pönkä et al., Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children, Caries Res, vol.35, issue.6, pp.412-432, 2001.

X. Huang, S. R. Palmer, S. Ahn, V. P. Richards, M. L. Williams et al., A highly arginolytic Streptococcus Species that potently antagonizes Streptococcus mutans, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.82, issue.7, pp.2187-2201, 2016.

K. Hattakka and J. Aholla, Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly : a randomized controlled trial, J Dent Re, vol.86, issue.2, pp.125-130, 2007.

A. P. Liou, Conserved Shifts in the Gut Microbiota Due to Gastric Bypass Reduce Host Weight and Adiposity, Science Translational Medicine, vol.27, issue.178, pp.178-219, 2013.

J. March, Engeneered commensanl bacteria reprogram intestinal ceels into glucoseresponsive insulin-secreting celles for the treatment of diabetes, Diabetes, vol.64, issue.5, pp.1794-803

V. Helle-krogh-pedersen and . Gudmundsdottir, Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity, Nature, vol.535, pp.376-381, 2016.

T. Oxman, M. Shapira, R. Klein, N. Avazov, and B. Rabinowitz, Oral administration of Lactobacillus induces cardioprotection, J Altern Complement Med, vol.7, issue.4, pp.345-354, 2001.

T. Malbezin-charlotte and . Verne, , 2017.

, JURY : Président : Docteur Catherine DEMAILLY, Docteur en Pharmacie Membres : Docteur Delphine CAUVEZ